carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses

Seed dispersal by water and on animals and machinery is less important (Parsons 1973). The primary threat of this weed is its ability to dominate sites throughout California. The length of time the seeds can survive in the soil is not known but appears to be at least 8 years (Parsons 1973). Anonymous. Repeated greenhouse inoculations of the rust on growing rosettes significantly reduced the growth of C. pycnocephalus but not the number of florets (Oliveri 1984). Flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the predominant classes of secondary metabolites characterizing the extracts. Since it is a nonselective herbicide, it must be carefully applied. A Certified Pest Control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides. Disclaimer. The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. Hand pulling, cultivation, and grazing are all effective control measures. It prefers soils of high fertility, and its seedlings establish best on bare or disturbed sites (Wheatley 1971, Parsons 1973). Drought favors a rapid increase in the thistle population. Near streams or lakes particular cautions should be taken when using herbicides. Carduus pycnocephalus Media in category " Carduus pycnocephalus " The following 141 files are in this category, out of 141 total. The chemical is noncorrosive and is generally considered nonharmful to wildlife. Our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. .4-.6 in (1-1.4cm) long, and the fruits are brown to gold, with a bristly, minutely barbed pappus. 2023. PMC pycnocephalus (L.) DC., 1838 Homonyms Carduus pycnocephalus L. Carduus pycnocephalus Spreng. /app/up/entry/73/th/22000.jpg:!0000 0000 0108 1272:!/app/up/mg/44/th/13398.jpg:!/app/up/entry/29/th/8868.jpg:!/app/up/cbo/248/th/74532.jpg:!/app/up/mg/280/th/mg84205-2.jpg:!/app/up/mg/185/th/mg55602-2.jpg:!/app/up/io/39/th/io11908-0.jpg:!/app/up/gp/78/th/15673.jpg:!/app/up/entry/90/th/27010.jpg:!0000 0000 1104 0321:! It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent.[2]. Carduus pycnocephalus Common Names: Italian thistle Evaluated on: 5/22/04 List committee review date: 08/07/2005 Re-evaluation date: Evaluator (s) John J. Knapp/ Invasive Plant Program Manager Catalina Island Conservancy P.O. Application should be at the rate of 1-1.5 lbs/100 gallons of water with 1 quart of surfactant/100 gallons. At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. Because of this concern, their use has been somewhat limited. 393 0 obj <> endobj Seeds of C. pycnocephalus exhibit rapid germination (within 2 weeks) at optimum temperatures (Evans et al. Carduus pycnocephalus L, which is related to the Astraceae family, was well-known as a privileged medicinal plant that has innumerable respected biological potency. 2,4-D can be used in combination with biological control measures to control Carduus. Management Requirements: With the right combination of control measures, it should be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus from selected areas. Box 2739 Avalon, CA 90704 (310) 510-1299 jknapp@catalinaconservancy.org Joseph DiTomaso University of California-Davis A great deal of research has been conducted on Carduus species throughout the world, but much more needs to be done on Carduus pycnocephalus. hbbd```b``"o5 IDu0&IsNGR"Y:@$ Carduus pycnocephalus L.: Chile (South America)United States (North America). A winter annual, Carduus pycnocephalus stems range from 8 inches (20cm) to 6.6 feet (2.0m), and are glabrous to slightly wooly. Because of this concern, their use has been somewhat limited. Carduus pycnocephalus is present on both the Ring Mountain and Jepson Prairie preserves in California, with Ring Mountain having the most significant infestation. eCollection 2019. Carduus pycnocephalus, a vigorous annual thistle, arrived in California during the 1930s and has since become a serious weed problem. However, this weed does displace more desirable forage or cover plants. Phytochemical analysis of non-volatile fraction of Artemisia caerulescens subsp. 2019 May;161:21-27. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.02.005. Bendall (1974) found that 85% of Carduus pycnocephalus seeds produce germination inhibitors, but they are readily leached. Sign up to receive information about Cal-IPC's upcoming events and project updates. 1972) and in 1973 to control C. pycnocephalus in southern California (Goeden and Ricker 1978). macrocephalus (Desf.) University of California Press, Berkeley. Jordon-Thaden and Louda (2003) and Barros et al. subsp. Carduus pycnocephalus auct. Biological control techniques for Carduus species have been extensively studied. Flower heads typically occur in clusters of 2-5. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Carduus tenuiflorus var. Carduus tenuiflorus Carduus acanthoide Carduus pycnocephalus Carduus nutans 1 of 4 2013 Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. [8][12][13], Grazing by sheep or goats (not cattle) in Australia has showed promise as well.[14]. The blanketing effect of overwintering rosettes can severely reduce the establishment of other plants, as the leaves of the rosette can become erect in dense stands (Parsons 1973). Missouri Bot. Catlogo de la Flora Vascular de Chile. This species has been studied in depth by USDA entomologists as a natural enemy of musk thistle, but certainly should also be considered for importation into California for C. pycnocephalus control" (Goeden 1974). SEED DISPERSAL. [5][8] Check with local, regional, and national regulations directing use. Control of C. pycnocephalus requires active management once it becomes established in an area. (415) 435-6465. Near streams or lakes particular cautions should be taken when using herbicides. CHEMICAL CONTROL. marmoratus - C. p . APPLYING HERBICIDES: Herbicides can be applied uniformly over an area (for large infestations) or by spot spraying only the individual plants. It is found in disturbed areas, often with basaltic soils, fertile soils, or soils with a relatively high pH (> 6.5).[5][7]. Carduus speciesUnlike , Cirsium species have feathery, plumose pappus hairs (Douglas et al. Most contact oils evaporate slowly and owe their plant toxicity to their high content of aromatic compounds. stream . For this method to be successful, the autumn grazing break is necessary so that vigorous growth of other plants is allowed to occur, forcing the thistles to grow tall and tender. It displaces desirable forage or cover plants, but more commonly colonizes disturbed habitats where interspecific competition is less intense (Goeden 1974). C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. A winter annual, Carduus pycnocephalus stems range from 8 inches (20 cm) to 6.6 feet (2.0 m), and are glabrous to slightly wooly. Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) is a winter annual forb (family Asteraceae) that is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia. According to Wheatley and Collett (1981), hand-hoeing is effective for small patches, but make sure to sever the root a good 10 cm below ground level. Munz, P. A. Seed dispersal by water and on animals and machinery is less important (Parsons 1973). Selective weed oils: There are several petroleum oils used for weed control. Without management it cannot be eliminated and may completely carpet the site. It survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods (Kok 1979). The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. University of Turin Instituional Repository AperTO. subsp. 2,4-D is lethal to 50% of tested animals (LD50) at 300-1000 mg/kg body weight and is classified as being of "little" to "some" hazard. Carduus pycnocephalus reproduces only by seed. C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. This is partly due to its germination requirements and timing. National Library of Medicine Larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus feed within the flowerheads of C. pycnocephalus, mining the receptacle and destroying the developing achenes (Goeden 1974, 1978). A significant amount of seed can be produced even if thistles are constantly mowed at 8 cm (Tasmanian Department of Agriculture 1977). C. pycnocephalus is a problem on Nature Conservancy property in this state and presents additional problems on grazed pastures. Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native. Cauline leaves are tomentose on the underside and contain spines on the . 1980). government site. More information can be found by downloading our Written Findings. 8 0 obj Control of C. pycnocephalus requires active management once it becomes established in an area. This usually forces a massive germination of thistles that can be destroyed during cultivation (Wheatley and Collett 1981). 2,4-D ester should be applied when the thistles have a central stock height of no greater than 0.25 m (Wheatley and Collett 1981). Former preserve manager Greg Wolley (1986) has used both hand pulling and cutting to destroy the plants at Ring Mountain Preserve, CA. hC:2r)#OH93 0@cxC1!8,j`Ma# 2pXC3,F7h@6KA #;KqAS$ alA0@7-: 1*KP;Kj/Q2cH#65SLK1IH8-:DL`@U`AWVeV U ns najdete distel obrzky, kter hledte. Optimum conditions for rust infection (18 to 20 C, 90 to 100% relative humidity) are likely to occur in autumn, in regions with a Mediterranean climate. 3)uowiF#o (:(#;C Nkter pln zdarma, nkter za velmi nzk poplatek. Nyman, Serv., U.S.D.A. Before Other Common Names: Plymouth thistle, shore thistle ")\OYwoybSUU!U?7! xmY@P%i7"ri|? Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, high-resolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as uses, history . It reduces the establishment of annual grasses and reduces the value of hay and other crops due to the blanketing effect of the overwintering rosettes, high rate and timing of germination, and its broad range of germination conditions. Plants grow up to 20 dm, are often slightly woolly, and narrowly winged along stems and spined. & D. D. Keck. The hydroalcoholic extracts of four wild edible Carduus species collected in Sardinia (Carduus argyroa Biv., Carduus nutans subsp. Summary 2 Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle, is a species of thistle.It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. Olympia, WA 98504-2560. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. According to Wheatley and Collett (1981), hand-hoeing is effective for small patches, but make sure to sever the root a good 10 cm below ground level. 1979). C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. Prior to using any herbicide, check with the County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which chemicals are legal to use in a given situation. Additional research needs to be conducted on insects that can be used to control C. pycnocephalus and on the potential impact of these insects upon endangered native Cirsium species (Kok et al. Flickr photos above were identified by the individual photographers but not reviewed by EoPS. 1979). It is most abundant in coastal areas and occurs as a weed of pastures, ranges, roadsides, rural areas, fallow cropland, railroad rights-of-way, field margins, and ditchbanks (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Herbicides can be applied uniformly over an area (for large infestations) or by spot spraying only the individual plants. Encyclopedia of Puget Sound is published by the Puget Sound Institute at the UW Tacoma Center for Urban Waters. The primary threat of this weed is its ability to dominate sites throughout California. Repeated greenhouse inoculations of the rust on growing rosettes signif- icantly reduced the growth of C. pycnocephalus but not the number of florets (Oliveri 1984). A Certified Pest Control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides. Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. Chem Biodivers. Phyllary (flower head scale) margins are not scarious, unlike its close relative, C. tenuiflorus. cinereus - C. p . Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. 2,4-D does not affect grasses. The fungal rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali Sydow, is known to occur only on the genus Carduus (Batra et al. Comments: It displaces desirable forage or cover plants, but more commonly colonizes disturbed habitats where interspecific competition is less intense (Goeden 1974). This is partly due to its germination requirements and timing. Marengo A, Maxia A, Sanna C, Mandrone M, Bertea CM, Bicchi C, Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P. Phytochemistry. This is the profile for the plant - Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. [7] It favors grasslands, woodlands, and chaparral vegetation types, but is especially prevalent in oak woodlands in and around the Central Valley. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. Seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas. The areas are then heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate. Fl. Acquadro S, Appleton S, Marengo A, Bicchi C, Sgorbini B, Mandrone M, Gai F, Peiretti PG, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P. Molecules. Grazing by sheep, goats, and horses can be effective in controlling thistles, but cattle are of little value (Parsons 1973). The site is secure. 2,4-D ester should be applied when the thistles have a central stock height of no greater than 0.25 m (Wheatley and Collett 1981). Medicinal properties Medicinal parts Has medicinal uses no Do not self-administer no Do no use if pregnant no Legally restricted no Toxicity precautions Medicinal notes . 1. The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. 0[ W d A$WXDHm@,[W DJ_gm "=a*mH. bg3_]@ Q$T5'^ !Ct2eO@u%h&;4OL9%p=#$`05l6u+zL/=m=5gE+aSFWc$19#t30;`xePH41RcO5`+~+4/]Y. In southern Europe, all major parts of C. pycnocephalus plants are damaged by one or more insect species, whereas in southern California the thistles are relatively free of insect damage. Though some Carduus species are known to accumulate nitrates in toxic quantities, C. pycnocephalus has apparently not been incriminated as a toxic weed (Goeden 1974). For larger areas where the thistles are dominant, cultivation and cropping is a successful method of control provided a vigorous perennial pasture is established immediately after the cropping phase. On soils of naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils. 1985. In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. Carduus pycnocephalus, a member of the Thistle tribe of the Composite family, is an erect winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall. 2019 Gary McDonald:!2008 Zoya Akulova:!2017 Gary McDonald:!2016 Ken Lunders:!2017 James Bailey:!2019 Cynthia Powell:!2017 Cynthia Powell:!2019 James Bailey:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2004 Carol W. Witham:! pycnocephalus / Plymouth Thistle / Xewk tal-fjura gira. Native to: Northern Africa, Asia and Western and Southern Europe carduus Carduus pycnocephalus var. Stewardship Overview: Carduus pycnocephalus, a vigorous annual thistle, arrived in California during the 1930s and has since become a serious weed problem. 3 Carpocoris mediterraneus.jpg 2,150 1,616; 1.79 MB C. bourgeanus-asp-2.jpg 2,448 3,264; 4.28 MB C. pycnocephalus-brcteas-1.jpg 3,121 2,342; 1.79 MB C. pycnocephalus-brcteas-2.jpg 2,048 1,536; 1.19 MB Common names Italian plumeless thistle in . GERMINATION AND GROWTH. densiflora (Viv.) It is a serious pest in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, and Europe. (Hawkes et al. Introduced in Sri Lanka, Ethiopia, USA, Uruguay, Australia, New Zealand, PP1 - Efficacy Evaluation of Plant Protection Products, PP3 - Environmental Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products, PM4 - Production of Healthy Plants for Planting, PM8 - Commodity-specific Phytosanitary Measures, PM9 - National Regulatory Control Systems, Regional Plant Protection Organizations / EU / EAEU, Carduus pycnocephalus ( [3][4][5], Carduus pycnocephalus has become a noxious weed in Australia, New Zealand, Macaronesia, South Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, South America, Hawaii, and North America, especially in much of California. In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. Only three insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California (Goeden 1974). Seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas. However, according to Charles Turner (1985) of the USDA Biocontrol Lab in Albany, California, it is possible that these insects may also prey on several of the endangered native thistles in the genus Circium. Yes, I would like to receive emails from California Invasive Plant Council. Bendall (1974) describes a grazing control method that has proven successful in Australia: thistle-infested areas are closed to grazing in the fall when seedlings appear. Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. [3], Flower heads are 2-5 per cluster, densely matted with cobwebby hairs at the base of the phyllaries and spiny towards the tips. The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. We won't sell or give away your email address. 1979). Seedlings grow through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the late spring before the summer drought. Denn pidvme tisce novch obrzk. Munz, P. A. Carduus pycnocephalus is an annual herb that is not native to California. Italian thistle invades pastures and rangeland. However, according to Charles Turner (1985) of the USDA Biocontrol Lab in Albany, California, it is possible that these insects may also prey on several of the endangered native thistles in the genus CIRSIUM. Development of an innovative and sustainable one-step method for rapid plant DNA isolation for targeted PCR using magnetic ionic liquids. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. The effects of prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus also need investigation. Gard.,107(2):1154-1565,2008, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021yx), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CAPY2. Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. >> Global Range: Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. 2,4-D has been applied to C. pycnocephalus with limited success (Taylor 1977). Generally it does poorly on the surface of a bare seedbed, but on the surface of clay soils it shows 70% germination. (415) 435-6465. Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, is similar but it generally has more flowerheads (5-20), than Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus (1-5 flowerheads). 1971, Baloch and Kahn 1973, Goeden 1974). The seeds start to germinate in the fall with the first effective rain. Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980).
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