Esses, V. M., Hamilton, L. K., & Gaucher, D. (2017). Arriving from the Middle East and Africa, non-Ukranian refugees are often otherized. CHARLIE D'AGATA: You know, this is a relatively civilized, relatively European - I have to choose those words carefully, too - city where you wouldn't expect that LIMBONG: The phrasing rankled enough people that he issued a clarifying apology a day later. Many refugees are coming from northern Africa and the Middle East, with roughly 50 percent of the population of Syria seeking refuge from war. Racism also impacts refugee treatment by influencing media coverage. By Muhammad Idrees Ahmad, a lecturer in digital. Most are Ukrainians, but some are students . As they work out where to go next, it's not clear they'll find refuge in Europe. International law and practice addresses refugee and internal displacement emergencies differently. They often have no or very limited access to services, material assistance, adequate housing, health . The consequences are devastating, as reports of violence and insecurity in their countries of origin, along transit routes and in Mexico abound. Chief among these is the so-called " jewelry law " - a measure which allows the government to seize asylum seekers' assets, including their jewelry, to fund their stay in the country. A charity that helps refugees has said there is a big variation in how the UK helps people from different countries. Asylum-seekers must not be forced back to the trauma and violence that theyre so desperately fleeing. Since the passage of the Refugee Act in 1980, the U.S. has admitted more than 3.1 million refugees, and since 1990 more than 700,000 people have been granted asylum. If there are too many refugees being housed in hotels, it's because the home office has been shown to be incapable of processing people quickly and letting them earn their own living. Businesses and civil society groups are busy developing training programs and job centers for asylum seekers to integrate into the system. While the first three threats may be considered direct threats, the other three are extended threats. This stark contrast epitomizes Europes unequitable treatment of different refugee populations, with Ukrainians topping the refugee hierarchy. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. Millions of Ukrainians are living in unimaginable terror; but thankfully the countrys refugees will face a more accommodating Europe than did those who sought similar protection a decade earlier. Syrians are careful to disassociate themselves from the refugee identity. Ukrainian nationals are oftentimes allowed to board evacuation transportation ahead of foreign nationals, who also face more difficulties entering countries like Poland and acquiring suitable accommodations. Once granted refugee status in a host country, the state cant deport them. "But instead, it really is night and day if we talk about the programs for Afghanistan's refugees.". Both direct and indirect threats were related to unfavorable attitudes toward refugees, so there may be a bidirectional relationship between peoples attitudes and their perception of threat: The perception of threat gives rise to negative attitudes toward outsiders, and negative attitudes also cause greater threat perception. Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic refused to accept asylum seekers the EU attempted to relocate from Italy and Germany. The Refugee Act of 1980 amended the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, standardizing the process for admitting refugees into the United States. During the civil war, civilians were often purposefully caught in the crossfire between Assad and opposition forces; for example, in 2013, Assads forces waged chemical war against civilians, killing 1,400. Moving forward, these new policies and attitudes towards people seeking refuge should be the norm . This clear binary extends to Zelensky and Putin. She says that's a pretty good sign of civilization. Rather than bringing people to safety via transit centers and, ultimately, to countries including the United States, these flights are sending vulnerable migrants and asylum-seekers back to danger returning them to the very places theyre fleeing. They want to work and maintain their dignity, not just be refugees.. And if you zoom way, way out when talking about refugees and displacement, countries in the Middle East, Africa and the global South have taken in more than their fair share of refugees. As the European asylum system has effectively broken down amid the recent inflow, it is time for the EUs wealthier member states to rethink current practices. The way we. The 1953 Refugee Relief Act defined "refugee" (someone in a non-Communist country fleeing persecution), "escapee" (someone fleeing communism), and "expellee" (an ethnic German forced out of Eastern Europe). Not so today in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Unlike Ukrainians, they must apply for asylum and wait for approval before seeking jobs. All refugees deserve protection, not just our allies. Describing them as 'refugees' would draw in a governance apparatus that today includes development actors. as many EU members have already acknowledged, dismissed the EUs call for sharing the responsibility, could not only win skilled workers, but also hearts and minds, http://www.cfr.org/syria/assessing-syrian-refugee-crisis/p33595, Order from Ashes Podcast: Broken Bonds: Existential Crises, Order from Ashes Podcast: Broken Bonds: My Life as a Muslim Brother, Order from Ashes Podcast: The Earthquake, Cholera, and Borders, The Systems That Drive Corruption and Terrorism, Order from Ashes Podcast: Broken Bonds: No Identity, Q&A: Netanyahus Total War on Israels Judiciary. 2016. Those seeking security at our southern border should not be treated any differently. You know, looking and seeing why African migrants aren't allowed to cross into Hungary is just as valid as just asking why Ukrainians are. Barbed political rhetoric both reflects and exacerbates these trends among Europeans. Albagir is given beatings, and the Maslovas are given bread. Shooting, detaining, torturing, and executing protestors, Assad forcefully crushed pro-democracy protests during the Arab Spring. These asylum-seekers should be welcomed just like Afghans are being welcomed. The Italian government has at times closed its ports to foreign boats carrying rescued migrants. A further 133,000 have gone to Hungary, 72,000 to Slovakia, 51,260 to Romania, and nearly 98,000 . Since it was first implemented in March 2020, more than 1 million migrants and asylum-seekers have been turned away. According to DR's calculations, the distance from Denmark's border with Germany to the Ukraine-Poland border is 1,270 kilometres, and to the Syria-Turkey border 3,760 . This led to a disorganized and desperate re-migration throughout Europe, with refugees under continued fear of being repatriated. Moreover, they were not permitted to work until their asylum application was approved. She holds an MA in Near Eastern Studies from New York University and will be a PhD candidate in social anthropology at Columbia University in the fall. The Century Foundation. Over the past decade, mostly in collaboration with his Stanford colleague James Fearon, Laitin has published several papers on ethnicity, ethnic cooperation, the sources of civil war and policies that work to settle civil wars. Second, under the EUs temporary protection directive, any Ukrainian national who flees as a result of the invasion, plus his or her partners and children of any nationality, may receive permission to stay in any EU country for one year; previously, a Ukrainian passport permitted visa-free entry into the EU for only up to 90 days. The global refugee crisis: Empirical evidence and policy implications for improving public attitudes and facilitating refugee resettlement. attempting to cross the Syria-Turkey borderis only the latest stark example of Turkeys inability to protect incoming migrants. In addition, we should remember foreigners culture will change, particularly with intergroup contactjust as cultures of European immigrants to America have changed, as history shows. Refugee implies involuntary exodus, while migrant refers more to voluntary movement; therefore, the use of the latter undermines non-Ukrainian refugees requests for asylum. As neighboring countries let in Ukrainian refugees, Africans living and studying in Ukraine say they're facing discrimination at border crossings. Extensive international coverage of the crisis in Ukraine also has geopolitical consequences. Does the Ukraine crisis reveal any other blind spots or systemic failures in migration policy and discourse? Since Russia invaded Ukraine one month ago on Feb. 24, nearly 3.5 million people have fled Ukraine, and should the conflict continue, an additional 5 million more refugees will likely flee from the country within a year a rate that is nearly five times as fast as the flow of refugees from Syria and North Africa, says Stanford immigration policy scholar David Laitin. Approximately 18,000 Europeans from 15 countries were given profiles and asked whom they would grant asylum; the study found a consistent bias against Muslim asylum-seekers, who were 11 percentage points less likely to be accepted than otherwise similar Christians. Corroborating this anti-Muslim bias among Europeans, another experiment in France concluded that increasing numbers of Muslims in France resulted in increased xenophobia. In a survey of almost 20,000 Europeans across 15 countries in 2016, my IPL colleagues found a strong anti-Muslim bias. And the results again showed support for the six threat types. Since anger and hostility toward refugees might be related to the perception of injustice as well, we need to address feelings of injustice related to the obligation of accepting refugees and foreigners. These two groups are treated very differently, however, due to the prevalent stereotypes that exist about them in society. NPR's Andrew Limbong has more. A recent report by Human Rights First documented at least 6,356 reports of kidnappings and attacks on asylum-seekers and migrants after they were turned away from the U.S. under Title 42. Turkey, a crucial political ally in the region already overburdened with hosting almost three million Syrian refugees and managing a failing security sector, is not well-fit to host additional people.Sundays incidentwhen Turkish security guards shot and killed eleven Syrian refugees attempting to cross the Syria-Turkey borderis only the latest stark example of Turkeys inability to protect incoming migrants. The International Monetary Fund has also urged the EU to lift labor restrictions on refugees and migrants, and reward employers for providing them employment. She said she told U.S. officers that she was a victim of violence in her home country and requested asylum at the U.S. border. More so, their action was a case study in poor strategic thinking. The Century Foundation Why are refugees treated differently? In 2014, Syrian and North African refugees poured into Greece, a country then not equipped to fulfill those treaty obligations. Its a continuation of the policy begun under the Trump administration known as Title 42, which essentially bans anyone from seeking asylum at the U.S. southern border under the pretext that concerns about the spread of Covid-19 mean they must immediately be deported. Landmann, H., Gaschler, R., & Rohmann, A. Two recent reports from the European Parliament show that despite short-term costs, labor integration of both asylum seekers and refugees will generate long-term economic gains that exceed the costs. EU leaders who focus on migration have mostly been concerned with arrivals from Africa, and they have pursued policies to deter these migrants. Who wants to hire an asylum seeker still at risk of deportation, since their application hasnt been accepted yet? Why? That's less likely to be true for people who decide to leave in the coming weeks, said Steve. For instance, do you worry about foreigners spreading diseases, committing violence, or taking away jobs and depressing wages? Lest we forget, barrel bombs are not the only threat to life. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC. Many more Haitians trying to avoid this fate are being detained in Del Rio, Texas. Why refugees from Ukraine have been treated differently European countries haven't seen such a large number of displaced people in this short period of time in recent history. For example, Ukrainians and Poles are fast-tracked across the border near Medyka, Poland, while everyone else must wait 14 to 50 hours to cross. deported back to their home countries, where they are at great risk of torture or prosecution. Among those were27.1 million refugees, half under the age of 18 (21.3 million refugees under . Stanford University. The Refugee Act is a federal immigration law that was adopted in 1980. In addition, they found that every threat typeeven altruistic threat (concerns about the host countrys ability to care for refugees)was linked with negative views of immigration and refugees. Why aren't all refugees treated like Ukrainian refugees? As anthropologist Miriam Ticktin has documented, some even infect themselves with deadly diseases to gain protection as HIV-positive patients and thereby gain residence. With fewer resources invested in non-Ukrainian refugees, it may take longer for their asylum cases to be processed, prolonging unemployment, living precarity, and limited access to resources. First, the rules of the EUs Dublin Convention will not pose the same burdens. Early refugees from Ukraine often had relatives outside the country and the means to reach them. You know, looking and seeing why African migrants aren't allowed to cross into Hungary is just as valid as just asking why Ukrainians are. According to new research, many asylum seekers experience discrimination on the Swedish labor market. Religion is a key factor influencing attitudes toward refugees. For years, asylum seekers have navigated the asylum system by changing their sexual and national identities. Asked whether she recognised a difference in the treatment of refugees between 2015 and 2022, Frederiksen replied "yes, it is (different), because Ukraine is our region". Help fund the NPR Illinois mission to inform the community by securing business sponsorships. Given the risk of deportation, many also avoid the system altogether and work informally instead. Is it a vague feeling of hostility or does it stem from specific unpleasant experiences or future worries? Only a very small number of asylum seekers arrive in New Zealand each year - and fewer than half of them are successful in their claims for refugee status. Famously declaring The fight is here. This crisis requires countries that are accepting refugees to have . Syrians rejection of the refugee category reflects the widespread association in the Middle East of refugees with Palestinians, who have for decades lived in UN-assisted camps in the region. For example, people are not eligible to make a claim if they have: been convicted of serious criminal . Here, Laitin discusses how the experience of Ukrainian refugees compares to those fleeing other conflicts and difficulties, such as those escaping civil war in Syria and economic hardship in North Africa. Are Zoomies a Sign of a Happy Dog or a Crazy Dog? (Image credit: Michele Tantussi /Getty Images), as the largest humanitarian crisis Europe has seen since World War II, were more likely to reject Muslim applicants, Swiss voters denying citizenship to Muslim applicants, fearing and discriminating against increasing numbers of Muslims in their midst, only a small share of the migrants there expressed an interest in reaching Europe, urban Ukrainians tend to have higher skill levels than other middle-income countries, Stanford scholar explores the impact of racial stress on Black youth. Yet, as Khalid notes, we do not have a stereotype of white people being inherently violent and prone to domestic terrorism." Branding Muslims as terrorists and using such accusations to reject Muslim asylum seekers are thinly veiled attempts for religious, racial, and ethnic prejudice to masquerade as national security concerns. Why are some refugees treated differently than others? While not able to help everyone, the U.S. ensured that more than 123,000 people were safely flown out of Afghanistan and has already accepted 64,000 evacuees. Compared to college students in previous samples, these participants reported perceiving even stronger threats and experiencing more hostility toward refugees. Assad sought to offer a stark choice between his secular rule and a jihadi alternative, creating a binary with no clean, moral winner. While this study indicates anti-Muslim bias among government officials, a similar 2016 study suggests that regular citizens exhibit similar tendencies. For more information, see our full Privacy Policy. As they began to land, she was shocked to learn from the pilot that their destination was instead Mexico. He has also done graduate work in clinical psychology and neuropsychology in U.S. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. They met a woman from Guatemala traveling with her two daughters. 2. The act allowed approximately 190,000 refugees, escapees, and expellees to arrive in the United States before the legislation . The Detail asks why they are treated differently to refugees coming in through the quota system? Addie Esposito is a staff writer and Senior Editor at the HIR. They also found that eligible voters favored refugees with higher employability. In Sweden, which received 163,000 asylum seekers in 2015, many asylum seekers face difficulties navigating the Swedish labor market. record-high 65 million people have been displaced, one million people who crossed borders into the European Union, face the same challenges in seeking asylum, labor, and housing, European asylum system has effectively broken down, efined by international humanitarian law as people in need of protection, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) stipulates, refugees and migrants apply for the same asylum. In 2012, at the onset of the current refugee crisis, I interviewed young Afghan and African asylum seekers in Denmark who expressed frustration with their confinement in asylum centers in remote areas, which they felt prevented them from integrating with their host community. In The Telegraph, Daniel Hannan wrote an article about Ukraine that led, they seem so like us. D'AGATA: What I'd hoped to convey is that what's unique about the fighting underway here is that this country has not really seen the scale of war in recent years, unlike some LIMBONG: But it wasn't just CBS. Knowing what you value will help you build the most meaningful life possible. Similarly, as many EU members have already acknowledged, it is neither fair nor sustainable to let Mediterranean frontier states such as Greece and Italy, already crumpling under financial debt, host the bulk of the incoming asylum seekers. We need to demystify refugees cultural practices so they appear less threatening. The asylum program works to provide refugee protection to people in Canada who: have a well-founded fear of persecution or. Defying Dictatorships: An Interview with Garry Kasparov, On Atlantic Alliances and Autocrats: An Interview with Jeanne Shaheen. Fortunately for the Ukrainians, Ukraines westward neighbors are working assiduously to register and take initial responsibility for this unprecedented flow, which is likely to add another 5 million refugees from Ukraine within a year from the Russian invasion, nearly five times as fast as the flow from Syria and North Africa. Unfortunately, extremists and right-wing politicians alike have used the sensitive political climate to strike fear and tensions. So how can we reduce perceptions of different types of threats associated with refugees and immigrants? The European Commission is considering reforms that ensure fair sharing of responsibility, including ending the Dublin Convention, but progress has been slow. Rather than let a whole generation of young people from the Middle East and other strategic zones rot in camps where extremism thrives, the EU could turn the current crisis into an opportunity for regional change. Editor's note: Last year, thousands of asylum seekers and migrants from the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia found themselves used as pawns in a political showdown between Belarus and the EU: stuck in a dense forest along the Polish-Belarusian border and pushed back and forth by security services as temperatures plummeted below zero. Zelensky is part of a community of Jews in Ukraine, some 200,000 strong, with historical and cultural ties to Israel, based on a long legacy of anti-Jewish pogroms and persecution in the country . Why Are So Many Young Men Single And Sexless? But research suggests some approaches can help communities successfully absorb all kinds of refugees Analysis by Claire. (Washington, DC) - The US deployment of border agents on horseback against Haitian migrants on September 19, 2021, stems from abusive and racially discriminatory immigration policies by the. The 2014-15 refugees had no such rights. They want to work and maintain their dignity, not just be refugees, he explained to me over the phone earlier this week. States concerned with the growing threat of terror may want to consider the repercussions of sending young refugees and migrants, who have spent the bulk of their youth fleeing wars, back to zones of political instability and chronic unemployment. As the opposition fragmented into various factions, terrorist groups exploited the chaos, targeting both Assads forces and civilians. It took three. Turkish security guards shot and killed eleven Syrian refugees. A few European politicians have also stressed that Ukrainian refugees are qualitatively superior by virtue of their race and religion to those from countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa and. Contrarily, due to racial, religious, cultural, and ethnic differences, Europeans feel less sympathy for other refugees. Furthermore, according to Hanne Beirens, Migration Policy Institute think tank director, the prioritization of Ukrainian refugees restricts the resources available to other refugees, such as housing and language courses; this inequality creates a two-tiered system of refugee integration. For example, the EUs asylum policy prioritizes Syrians over other nationalities, including Iraqis and Afghanis, even though they all face similar levels of violence in their home countries. Ibrahim. Americans see Afghan and Ukrainian refugees very differently. (Image credit: Michele Tantussi /Getty Images). The Century Foundation takes your data security and privacy seriously. All rights reserved. U.S. intelligence agencies have assessed that. Identifying different types of threat and their association with emotional responses and attitudes towards refugee migration. Furthermore, semantics matter. (2019). Furthermore, to many white and Christian Europeans, an influx of Middle Eastern and African Muslim refugees threatens power dynamics rooted in racial and religious hegemony, while incoming Ukrainians primarily strengthen them. | Laitin is the James T. Watkins IV and Elise V. Watkins Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences and is a faculty co-director of the Stanford Immigration Policy Lab, which designs and evaluates immigration and integration policies and programs. Media coverage of the invasion is part of the reason. In contrast, a refugee arriving in America, after receiving a grant of $900 from the government, often has to rely on private aid organizations. Witnessing how Palestinian refugees have become caught in a state of permanent displacement, many Syrians are careful to disassociate themselves from the refugee identity. The Biden administration must immediately halt flights carrying asylum-seekers back to Mexico and Haiti and fully rescind Title 42 so that everyone seeking protection can petition for safety. As more refugees entered Europe, detention increased, and former European Council President Donald Tusk even called for 18-month detention periods. Refugee Health: From the Public Health Perspective. After all, from . NPR's Andrew Limbong has more. Laitin also offers insight into how European Union (EU) policy is supporting a surge of refugees that the United Nations has described as the largest humanitarian crisis Europe has seen since World War II. (Capacity would be determined by population, GDP, unemployment rate and other factors.) : 'Labours Shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper struggles to justify why refugees fleeing war in Ukraine should be treated differently to refugees fleeing war in Afghanistan. One of the many things that Russian President Vladimir Putin did not expect when he launched his gratuitously stupid invasion of Ukraine was international resolve. Germany, for example, has suffered fromzero population growth for years and is in acute need of young, able-bodied workers to feed its massive industrial economy. Swiss Justice Minister Karin Keller-Sutter predicted that up to 50,000 people from Ukraine would arrive in the country before June to date, the highest number of war refugees to enter Switzerland in the 21st century. the U.S. has admitted more than 3.1 million refugees, more than 700,000 people have been granted asylum. A third study, a replication of the second study, included a sample of 23 male and 108 female students (average age of 33 years) and concluded that, aside from the prejudice threat, every threat type was associated with unfavorable attitudes toward migrants. 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