That is how the US navy could inflict great damage to the Japanese fleet and aircraft. When she went to sea in 1916, he went with her. The Battle of Midway was fought June 4-7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) and was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. Naval Academy at Annapolis. Summing up his appraisal of this outstanding sailor, Morison noted: Spruance in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, overriding Mitscher the carrier expert in letting the enemy planes come at him instead of going in search of them, won the second most decisive battle of the Pacific war. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. Armed with this information, Fletcher ordered Spruance to launch a strike at the Japanese with Enterprise and Hornet while holding Yorktown in reserve in case the other Japanese carriers were discovered. Shortly before his retirement, Spruance received the following Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. The Gilberts attack was planned and directed by Spruance, with the assistance of Rear Adms. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. "Admiral Raymond Spruance". 2015. It was interesting work, but I wouldnt want to do it for a living. However a second strike from Hiry would fatally cripple Fletcher's flagship, Yorktown and as a result, Fletcher passed command to Spruance, who would command the mop up phase of the battle. The enemy units were forced to withdraw their battered aircraft carrier Shokaku, while the Americans had to abandon the old, cherished carrier Lexington. Terms of Use| From 1952 to 1955 Spruance served as the American ambassador to Philippines. In the first months of World War II in the Pacific, Spruance commanded the four heavy cruisers and support ships of Cruiser Division Five from his flagship, the heavy cruiser USSNorthampton. Its commanding officers Admiral Yamaguchi and the ship's captain both stayed aboard their ship. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. Lieutenant Commander Maxwell Leslies VB-3 from Yorktown attacked the carrier Soryu. Mounting a tenacious defense, the Japanese held out for over a month. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. This occurred at the same time that Admiral Turner's forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the east. His next assignment was command of the destroyer Aaron Ward, and then USS Perceval. His squadron successfully ambushed and sank 3 Japanese Aircraft Carriers, Lieutenant in command of the USS Hornet air group. They were hurled back decisively, and the losses353 enemy planes downed, 21 U.S. aircraft lostamazed the Americans. Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool. The correct answer to this open question is the following. This was in July 1938, and this time he was the battleships commander. The struggle by the U.S. Marine 2nd Division for Betio Islet on Tarawa Atoll was the bloodiest single action in the Corps long history. In May 1942, intelligence suggested that the Japanese were planning on assaulting Midway Island. Hickman, Kennedy. When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. I finally wangled two months at sea, in 1918, before the war was over. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, April 1955 . Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. Flagship of Task Force 16 under the command of Raymond Spruance. The U.S. Navy counterforce sank all four Japanese carriers while losing one of its own, Yorktown. Write down what your favorite food is and why to get 50 points :), Select TWO facts about the relationship between Constantinople and Christianity. B. And with this battle the American forces gained, and afterwards continued to gain, hard combat experience; so the Japanese lost that crucial advantage as well. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. Privacy Policy, Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during. He died on 13 December 1969 at the age of 83. Calm, collected, decisive, yet receptive to advice; keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening. society in the 1950s? The sole survivor of the squadrons 30 officers and men was Ensign George H. Gay, Jr., who spent several hours floating in the water, watching the battle. A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. From the remaining enemy carrier, Hiryu, Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi launched bombers and torpedo planes against Yorktown. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. The American toll was 1,100 dead and almost 2,300 wounded. >The fleet units shielding the Marianas invasion forces were also under Spruances command. A bust of Spruance is in the lobby. Admiral Spruance commanded with deadly precision, reported an observer.[20]. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. Only 17 of the islands 4,690 Japanese defenders survived to become prisoners. Akagi was lashed by bombs, which exploded torpedoes that were being loaded onto her planes, and the crew abandoned ship. The Japanese expected no American ships in the Midway area until after the landing there, and they hoped that the Pacific Fleet would dash northward as soon as it received word of the opening strikes in the Aleutians. A squadron of US Dive bombers which had arrived late after getting lost ambush the Japanese carriers bombing and resulting in the sinking of three out of four carriers. He was then 55. For more great articles subscribe to World War II magazine today! No matter what other people tell you, your decision was correct". Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 August 1942". With the end of the war, Spruance aided in returning American troops home before moving through a succession of engineering postings and destroyer commands. In 1916 he aided in the fitting out of the battleship Pennsylvania and he served on board her from her commissioning in June 1916 until November 1917. But the American commander, who could be daring and resourceful when necessary, could also exhibit shrewd caution when his experienced mind sensed an ambush. He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. He was drafted on short notice for his date with destiny. Spruance also held several engineering . In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. Japanese propagandists pointed to their success in the Aleutians to offset the defeat at Midway, but actually the Aleutians were of little strategic value. Retribution was not long in coming. [13] But in summing up Spruance's performance in the battle, Morison wrote: "Fletcher did well, but Spruance's performance was superb. During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. To the Aleutians, the Japanese dispatched an invasion task force of three transports carrying 2,400 troops, supported by two heavy cruisers, a two-carrier support force and a covering group of four battleships. Admiral Spruance was buried with full honors alongside Admirals Nimitz and Kelly Turner in a military cemetery overlooking San Francisco Bay. [6], Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship USS Agamemnon, before he was ordered to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, for duty in connection with fitting out of destroyer USS Aaron Ward in March 1919. Nagumo ordered his planes rearmed on their return. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. Most common sailors were proud to serve under Halsey; most higher-ranking officers preferred to serve under Spruance. After air assaults, two rocky islands, Kiska and Attu, were occupied by Japanese ground forces. Japanese escort carrier that was mainly responsible for launching scouts attached to Combined Fleet main body. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. With the battleship's completion, Spruance joined its crew and remained aboard until November 1917. U.S. losses were low: 25 airplanes and 18 lives. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. A total of 1,132 enemy planes were put out of action. edward dean spruancegarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by Though the fourth, Hiryu, managed to launch bombers which caused critical damage to Yorktown, it too was sunk when American aircraft returned later in the day. After serving aboard the battleship Iowa, Spruance went on a world cruise aboard the battleship Minnesota. Early in his career he was Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II. Halsey was aggressive and a risk taker. Then followed two years as assistant chief of staff to the commander of naval forces in Europe; a year of study at the Naval War College in Newport, R.I., where he completed the senior course; and two years of duty in the Office of Naval Intelligence. Spruance became Commander of the 5th Fleet in November 1943, which presented him with command of the Central Pacific Forces. It's commanding officer, Captain Yanagimoto, volunteered to stay aboard and go down with his ship. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. In October 1946 he was awarded the Armys Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services during the capture of the Marshall and Mariana islands. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. The recipient of the letter below was his longtime friend and former chief-of-staff Captain Charles "Carl" J. Moore. At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. The Turning Point in the Pacific. US Navy SBD dive bombers at the Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. Determining that New Mexico was not too badly damaged to remain on station Spruance kept her as his flagship for the rest of the campaign. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary fleet commanders, the other being Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, employed by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. When you moved into Admiral Spruance's command, the printed instructions were up to date, and you did things in accordance with them.[19]. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary . He was uniquely modest and candid about himself all his life. In this state the Japanese carriers would be extremely vulnerable. catalogued as someone to watch; there was never any possibility that he would be passed over in the lists for promotion. Most of Nagumo's attack planes had just returned from the first strike on Midway and were immobilized on the carrier hangers, while his combat air patrol cover planes were engaged with battling torpedo bombers from Hornet. He was appointed as Ambassador to the Philippines by President Harry S. Truman, and served there from 1952 to 1955. Spruance commanded US naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific theater, the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. The battle would open in the mist-shrouded Aleutians with airstrikes against Dutch Harbor on June 3, followed by landings at three points on June 6. Spruance was portrayed by Glenn Ford (a US Naval Reserve officer himself) in the 1976 film Midway, and by Jake Weber in the 2019 film Midway. At the crucial Battle of Midway, your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation. Fewer than two days before launch from Pearl Harbor, Nimitz's commander of the fleet carrier force, Admiral Halsey, was hospitalized with severe shingles;[10] Halsey immediately recommended Admiral Spruance to Nimitz as his replacement with Admiral Fletcher receiving overall command. On 13 May 1945, Admiral Raymond Spruance put pen to paper and described the second kamikaze attack he experienced at Okinawa. [28], His achievements in the navy were well known, but himself much less. That achievement brought praise from Churchill, who wrote to Navy Secretary James Forrestal, Admiral Spruance is again to be congratulated for another fine job. It was a cool, clear day. The Navy honored Spruance by giving his name to a new class of 30 destroyers, the first of which, USS Spruance, was launched in 1973. His entry in Whos Who in America was only three lines long (including his full name), and a footnote in Morisons monumental history of the U.S. Navy in World War II testifies to his modesty. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleet's ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. It Didnt End Well. Japanese Vice Admiral in command of the Japanese Carrier strike force based on the Aircraft Carrier IJN Akagi. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. His tour of sea duty ended in 1921, and he spent the next three years with the Navy Departments Bureau of Engineering and the Doctrine of Aircraft board. However, Spruances fleet was also charged with guarding the amphibious landings at Saipan and Tinian. Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, is named Spruance Hall. United States Aircraft Carrier attached to Task Force 16. Yorktown and Task Force 17 were under the command of Rear Adm. Frank Jack Fletcher. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. Successfully concluding operations, Spruance was promoted to admiral in February. The attack fails to destroy any airfields or major targets. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Launched the planes that were responsible for the sinking of nearly all 4 Japanese Carriers at Midway. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. At Midway, dive bombers from the Enterprise crippled sank four larger carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Ambassador to the Philippines in 1952-55. He served as an instructor at the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938. The Japanese were trying to tow Soryu to safety when she was torpedoed and sunk by the U.S. submarine Nautilus. The defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese Navy's air arm. Word of the sacrifice of VT-8 stunned the United States, and Churchill was reported to have wept when he heard about it. Raymond A. Spruance emerged from the battle one of the greatest admirals in American naval history". 108 planes under Juichi Tomanaga bomb and strafe Midway. He received his Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,, Commander in Chief, Pacific, (right) and, Admiral Raymond Spruance, Commander, Central Pacific Force, (center) Tour Kwajalein Island, Marshalls, February 5,1944, following its capture. Hickman, Kennedy. Flagship of Kakuta. 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. The score was 402 Japanese planes and six ships, with a loss of 122 planes from Mitschers flattops. It was the only aircraft carrier in the presence of Midway Island to survive the dive bomber attack and launched two and a half waves of planes against the United States Navy. Lieutenant in command of the USS Yorktown air group. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond Ames Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. Fit and spare in his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse. The Americans were able to count on Yorktown, however, after patching her up in an astonishing two days instead of 90 days as had been estimated. But due to a printing error on the executive calendar of nominations, Spruance was officially promoted only to his former rank of vice admiral. He advanced quickly through the ranks, becoming an admiral in 1944. Morisons text refers to Spruance, victor at Midway. Was the site of a naval battle between the United States and Japan in 1942. McClusky led one squadron, VB-6, against the carrier Kaga, while the other Enterprise squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, Akagi. Aboard the Japanese flattops, many torpedo-carrying planes were waiting for fighters to take off as the American planes dived. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. During this period, Spruance served aboard USS Minnesota (BB-22) during the cruise of the Great White Fleet. The Japanese navy could never accept this catastrophic loss. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man . The Japanese lost 19 ships sunk, seven probably sunk and more than 200 aircraft destroyed, and their installations were bombed and strafed. When Midway began on June 4, 1942 the first few waves of U.S. aircraft were greatly outnumbered by Japanese forces. He envied no one, rivaled no man, won the respect of almost everyone with whom he came in contact, and went ahead in his quiet way, winning victories for his country.When we come to the admirals who commanded at sea, and who directed a great battle, there was no one to equal Spruance. He has appeared on The History Channel as a featured expert. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. All four of Japans aircraft carriers were sunk, devastating Japans ambitions in the Pacific. [12] Spruance assumed command of Task Force 16 with its two carriers, USSEnterprise and USSHornet, under battle command of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. Meanwhile, Task Force 58 was busy in the forefront of clearing the Japanese from the 600-mile-long Marianas chain. The Japanese lost 322 airplanes, most of them going down with the carriers. >On March 29, 1944, Admiral Spruance took tactical command of a three-pronged assault against the Palau Islands, 550 miles east of the Philippines, and against Yap Island and Ulithi Atoll in the western Carolines. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. Samuel Eliot Morison agreed: Power of decision and coolness in action were perhaps Spruances leading characteristics. In this position, he traveled to London and Edinburgh. His chance would come. serious damage on the islands installations. John C. Waldron. One exception was Admiral John Towers, a constant critic of Spruance, whom Spruance came to despise for his naked ambition.[18]. The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. Admiral Spruance no.__!t to seek and destroy the Imperial Japanese Navy in a "decisive battle." Rather, Spruance chose to place highest priority on covering and defending the United States (U.S.) amphibious forces that were in the initial phase of the invasion of Salpan. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. [7], Spruance served in Washington until early 1924, when he was ordered to the headquarters, Commander Naval Force in Europe. He commanded that vessel during the patrols with the Atlantic Fleet until January 1920, when he assumed command of newly commissioned destroyer USS Percival in San Francisco, California. Though this gamble paid off, Enterprise air squadrons would pay a heavy price, flying in piece-meal and mostly without fighter escort. For his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, Spruance was awarded the Navy Cross. He never did things the same way twice. Because of gaps in the search patterns flown by the Japanese, the American carriers were able to approach unseen. Admiral Raymond Spruance on the balcony of the U.S. Embassy, Manila, while serving as U.S. By shortly after 9 a.m., planes from Yorktown were also on their way. In one incident a distraught officer rushed to report, "Captain, we've just dropped a depth charge over the stern!" Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. He commanded U.S. naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . The American losses were Yorktown, destroyer Hammann and 147 planes. This saw Allied forces move against Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. On June 19, however, hundreds of planes from nine Japanese aircraft carriers attacked the Fifth Fleet. They met practically no opposition because most of the Zeros were still close to the water, not having had time to climb and counterattack. The assault began at dawn on November 20, 1943, and the fighting raged for 76 hours. The fourth was a choice between Halsey and Spruance, and after much deliberation, eventually Halsey was appointed in December 1945. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. But they expected it to come at the obvious and exposed outer fringe, and when we struck at the heart of the archipelago with a huge fleet that had approached undetected, we enjoyed complete tactical surprise. Spruance was calculating and cautious. The young, ambitious officer was then assigned to Bainbridge, U.S. destroyer No. Japanese fleet in charge of landing army units on Midway. The month before, American and Japanese naval units had fought the Battle of the Coral Sea, and both closely matched sides had suffered. While in that capacity he assumed additional duty as a member of the board on doctrine of aircraft in connection with fleet fire control. transmitted as a message) to Rear Admirals Frank Jack Fletcher and Raymond Spruance on the eve of the battle of Midway To quote a U S Navy website, "Nimitz clearly . It was hit and shortly after destroyed by American dive bombers. Enterprise dive bombers critically damaged two Japanese carriers including Nagumo's flagship Akagi; while the Yorktown air group, launched after Fletcher was confident that all Japanese carriers were accounted for, crippled the Soryu. https://www.historynet.com/admiral-raymond-a-spruance-modest-victor-of-midway/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, How Operation Homecoming Was Sprung into Action to Repatriate American POWs. Spruance received the Navy Cross for his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.[23]. Aboard the battleship Yamato, Admiral Yamamoto received word that the U.S. fleet was at Midwaynot Pearl Harbor as he had thought. After his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Nimitz. No detail was too small to bring these American prisoners home. Spruance's seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, three other destroyers, and the battleship Mississippi. ThoughtCo, Jul. He suggested Spruance replace him as commander of the Fleet carrier force, despite the fact that Spruce had little experience with carriers. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II.A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. Spruance began World War II as a gunship admiral, commanding a division of . Lieutenant in command of the USS Enterprise air group. When Yorktown was struck at Midway, however, Fletcher transferred his flag to the cruiser Astoria and placed Spruance tactically in charge. Two years later, he aided in the fitting out of USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) then under construction in the yard. Early on, Halsey had led his task force on hit-and-run raids against the Japanese in the western Pacific: striking the Gilbert and Marshall islands in February 1942, Wake Island in March, and projecting the air power of the Doolittle Raid against the Japanese homeland in April. The Battle of Midway infused the U.S. Pacific Navy with confidence. Four fleet carriers and the heavy cruiser Mikuma were sunk; a cruiser, three destroyers, an oiler and a battleship were damaged. The Saipan campaign began with air attacks on June 10, 1944. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. The setback in the Japanese timetable to encircle the Pacific gave the U.S. industrial machine time to crank up war production, and ultimately, to turn the advantage on Japan in the production of ships, planes, guns, and all the other matriel of war. 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Years later, Spruance & # x27 ; s Force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its setback... Quickly through the ranks, becoming an admiral in 1944 Homecoming was Sprung into action Repatriate... Was torpedoed and sunk by the U.S. Navy, April 1955 depth charge over the stern! and! Inflict great damage to the cruiser Astoria and placed Spruance tactically in charge of VT-8 stunned United! The aircraft carrier attached to Task Force 58 was busy in the Cross. June 19, however, Spruances Fleet was at sea, Midway and submarine actions: May 1942 intelligence! Guns that go into a battleship destroyers, an oiler and how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet were! The naval War College from 1935 to 1938 was one of the destroyer Aaron Ward and! Next assignment was command of the letter below was his longtime friend and former chief-of-staff Captain &... Full honors alongside admirals Nimitz and Kelly Turner in a sea action aboard one of the 5th Fleet in.. In this state the Japanese, the other would be passed over in Pacific. Pacific forces sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use Cross for his at... To be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a cemetery. Ryukyu islands to Ride torpedoes served as an instructor at the age of 83 the destroyer Aaron Ward and.
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