Existing research has found that among major Asian American communities, Indian Americansboth men and womenhave the highest rate of endogamy (the custom of marrying within ones community) in both the first and second generations, although there is a noticeable increase in marriage outside of the community among members of the second generation.21. The second-biggest immigrant group in Rhode Island comes from Portugal. Why Are Hate Crime Charges So Rare?, New York Times, March 18, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations in various states. In 2020, the United States granted 707,362 people lawful permanent resident status, a significant drop from the usual average of more than a million. The first part looks at three types of engagement: civic, political, and cultural. However, todays immigrant share remains below the record 14.8% share in 1890, when 9.2 million immigrants lived in the U.S. Around 337,000 immigrants were deported from the U.S. in fiscal 2018, up since 2017. About two-thirds of Americans (66%) say immigrants strengthen the country because of their hard work and talents, while about a quarter (24%) say immigrants burden the country by taking jobs, housing and health care. To probe this issue, the survey provides respondents with eight identity categories and asks them which of the following best describes their background. 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. The low rate of political giving for non-citizens is expected given that non-citizens are forbidden from making political donations unless they are permanent residents (that is, they possess a green card). It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. . The surveys findings are notable in this regard because previous research on polarization among the American general public has generally found that Republicans, not Democrats, possess greater antipathy toward members of the other party.45. We do ask that you be kind. Hindus who recently arrived in the United States are just as likely to identify with a caste group as those who have been here for a quarter-century or more.31. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. Note: This is an update of a post originally published May 3, 2017, and written by Gustavo Lpez, a former research analyst focusing on Hispanics, immigration and demographics; and Kristen Bialik, a former research assistant. List of U.S. states and territories by net migration, "State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021", "Net International Migration (change 20182019)", List of states and territories of the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_net_migration&oldid=1117397645, States of the United States-related lists, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 October 2022, at 14:19. Relatively few Indian Americans across the board report contacting an elected representative or other government official: 15 percent of U.S.-born citizens, 11 percent of foreign-born citizens, and 9 percent of non-citizens engaged in this class of activities. 52 Arthur G. Rubinoff, The Diaspora as a Factor in U.S.-India Relations, Asian Affairs: An American Review 32, no. For 21 states, including Texas, immigrants from India represented the largest group after those from Mexico. Since the creation of the federal Refugee Resettlement Program in 1980, about 3 million refugees have been resettled in the U.S. more than any other country. We welcome and appreciate comments onThe Dallas Express as part of a healthy dialogue. From 2009 to 2020, immigrants of Asian descent outnumbered those of Hispanic descent in terms of race and ethnicity. Many respondents are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five and, thus, are plausibly in the middle of their educational training. Members of the Indian American communityboth individually and collectivelyare mobilizing in response. Indianof descentAmericans are taking over the country: you, my vice president [Kamala Harris, whose mother was born in India], my speechwriter, Vinay [Indian American Vinay Reddy]. The largest origin group of refugees was the Democratic Republic of the Congo, followed by Burma (Myanmar), Ukraine, Eritrea and Afghanistan. Thirty-six percent of Hindus with a household income below $50,000 identify with caste, but that share rises to 50 percent among households making between $50,000$100,000 and 52 percent for those above $100,000. By race and ethnicity, more Asian immigrants than Hispanic immigrants have arrived in the U.S. in most years since 2009. This proportion declines dramatically for Hindus, with only 21 percent reporting regularly attending religious services. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America are less likely to be high school graduates than the U.S. born (54% and 47%, respectively, do not have a high school diploma, vs. 8% of U.S. born). By region of birth, immigrants from Asia combined accounted for 28% of all immigrants, close to the share of immigrants from Mexico (25%). What are the demographic characteristics of Indian Americans? Early childhood risk, reach, and resilience. Another 31 percent report little or no participation in religious services, claiming they do so seldom or never. One way to understand the dynamics of discrimination at play is to place discrimination against Indian Americans in a comparative context. Two percent of respondents identify as Other, indicating that none of the declared options satisfy them, while just 1 percent identify as Non-resident Indian, the official appellation used by the Government of India to refer to Indian passport holders living outside of India. Of course, the composition of ones social networks is likely to be affected by their location. It Depends on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/. To a certain extent, however, many of these factors are inseparable. The actual change is expected to come in 2055, when Asians will become the largest immigrant group at 36 percent, compared with Hispanics at 34 percent. (Hence, the percentages do not add up to 100.) How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity? What are the social realities and lived experiences of Indian Americans? This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Business Insider identified the country of origin of the largest group of foreign-born residents in each state. A narrow majority52 percentof respondents believe that people in the United States discriminate more against all of the other minority groups listed than they do against Indian Americans. Of this latter group, the overwhelming majority83 percentcategorize themselves as General or upper caste. After all, for more than two decades, the Indian diaspora in the United States has been a critical bridge-builder between the two countries.52 But with divisions in the community more apparent and increasingly linked to political disputes in India, we have suggested elsewhere that the diasporas unity of purpose could suffer a setback.53. By the 1980s, Mexicans became the nation's largest immigrant group; by 2013, they were the largest immigrant group in 33 states. First, respondents overwhelmingly blame non-Indians when it comes to discrimination on the basis of country of origin or skin color. Sixteen percent of Indian Americans report being discriminated against by virtue of their Indian heritage. Indian Americans in this latter category are also more inclined to state that being Indian is somewhat or very unimportant to them.33 Respondents who identify as Republicans are also significantly less likely to place importance on the Indian-ness of their identity compared to Democrats or independents. Indian Americans who are born in the United States are more likely to identify as Indian American (48 to 40 percent) and markedly less likely to identify as Indian (just 11 percent compared to 33 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans). Vietnamese Americans are the largest Asian origin group by population in four states (Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Nebraska); Hmong Americans are the largest in Minnesota and Wisconsin; and Korean Americans are the largest in Alabama. 38 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 1213. Third, caste discrimination is a surprisingly equal opportunity offense. Forty-three percent report that some are, while 23 percent say that hardly any or none are. Is the immigrant population growing? It covers five broad areas: citizenship and residency status; educational attainment; marital status; Indian region of origin; and religion, religious practice, and caste identity. Immigrants from Mexico (7%) and Central America (11%) were the least likely to have a bachelors or higher. Interestingly, those born outside of the United States are most likely to say that they feel equally Indian and Americannearly one in two fall into this category (as do 38 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans).35 A slightly higher share of U.S.-born Indian Americans (7 percent) than foreign-born Indian Americans (4 percent) claim that they feel neither Indian nor American. Washington, DC 20036-2103. Bookmark Quiz 5 Devesh Kapur and Jashan Bajwa, A Study of Poverty in the Indian American Population, Johns Hopkins-SAIS, October 2020, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view. The United States is home to the largest number of immigrants a person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence (whether lawfully or unlawfully) on the planet. Give Orange. Those who wish to do so may apply after meeting certain requirements, including having lived in the U.S. for five years. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. The remaining 23 percent of the sample consists of immigrants residing in the United States who do not hold U.S. citizenship. The Census Bureau combined survey results from 2013 to 2017 to enable the organizations statisticians to estimate the numbers of individuals who made up the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia. Nearlyhalf a million immigrantscall Minnesota home, a population that includes citizens and non-citizens, students and workers, and refugees who fled their home countries. Some 47% of immigrants living in the U.S. five years or less are proficient. To produce the final data set, respondents were matched to a sampling frame on gender, age, and education. Among those immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely. The Government of India maintains an Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) designation for persons of Indian origin residing abroad who do not hold Indian citizenship. Douglas Farrar, Cliff Djajapranata, Fiona Garguilo, Jessica Katz, Laura Lucas Magnuson, Lori Merritt, Tim Martin, Jocelyn Soly, and Cameron Zotter contributed design, editorial, and production assistance. These data suggest that the vast majority of the Indian immigrant population in the United States were already highly educated prior to arriving in the country. Responses are disaggregated by respondents place of birth. Of the 337,000 immigrants deported in 2018, some 44% had criminal convictions and 56% were not convicted of a crime. Respondents for this survey were recruited from an existing panel administered by YouGov. Much larger shares believe that other minority groups face greater discrimination than Indian Americans, including Latino Americans (90 percent), LGBTQ Americans (89 percent), African Americans (86 percent), and women (86 percent). India tops that list in 21 states. How does this group perceive itself, and how does it believe others perceive it? The number of naturalization applications has climbed in recent years, though the annual totals remain below the 1.4 million applications filed in 2007. Among immigrants ages 5 and older in 2018, half (53%) are proficient English speakers either speaking English very well (37%) or only speaking English at home (17%). In both instances, roughly three-quarters of perpetrators were identified as non-Indians. For more information, please refer to our Complete Comment Moderation Policy. According to the data, the modal response of Indian Americans is that they weigh the two sides of their identity equally: 45 percent feel equally Indian and American. How then do we make sense of the heterogeneity encapsulated by the more than 4 million people of Indian origin in the United States, a group that is the second-fastest-growing immigrant community in the country? 3 (2005): 169187. 23 Americas Changing Religious Landscape, Pew Research Center, May 12, 2015, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/. Five percent responded dont know. Overall, the distribution is skewed in favor of a social network populated with relatively more people of Indian origin. Given that only 5 percent of IAAS respondents report being victims of caste discrimination, any subgroup analysis must be interpreted with due care given the small sample sizes involved. The key takeaway is that Republicans are more comfortable having close friends who are Democrats than the converse (see figure 23). The results are displayed in figure 11. All of the analyses in this study were conducted using the statistical software R and employ sample weights to ensure representativeness. Texas, Washington, New York and California resettled more than a quarter of all refugees admitted in fiscal 2018. Fifty-eight percent of Hindus respond in this way, while 48 and 46 percent of Muslims and Christians, respectively, report that their networks are comprised of those of the same religion. Want the news delivered straight to your inbox? Most of the nations unauthorized immigrant population lived in these top metro areas as well. In terms of attending religious services, there is also significant variation within the Indian American community. Of the non-citizen population residing in the United States, the survey finds that 80 percent of them would accept U.S. citizenship if offeredan important preference given that Indian law forbids dual citizenship. Eighteen percent of non-citizens reside in the United States on an H-4 visa, a category for immediate family members of H-1B visa holders. Twenty-eight percent respond in the affirmativethat political divisions in India are infecting dynamics within the Indian community in the United States. He was previously a James C. Gaither Junior Fellow. The largest immigrant group in the United States is the: Italians French Germans Irish Germans The second largest immigrant group to settle in this country is the: Italians French Germans Irish Italians By the time Greek people emigrated to this country, the demand for labor had decreased. 44 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote?, 1617. This project has been reviewed and approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (Protocol #843855). 55 For an accessible introduction to this survey method, see Courtney Kennedy et al., Evaluating Online Nonprobability Surveys, Pew Research Center, May 2, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/. Reported discrimination based on country of origin and caste is roughly similar for both groups (around 1516 and 56 percent, respectively). Finally, given the sensitive nature of caste identity, nonresponses in the survey could mask those who do not wish to disclose their caste affiliation even if they are aware of their familys caste identity. However, whereas the earlier data looked at political leaders and organizations, this section reviews interpersonal attitudes. For the 28 percent of respondents who perceive that polarization in India is impacting the diaspora community, the survey asks what specific features of Indias domestic politics are responsible (see figure 29). This population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents (LPRs), certain legal nonimmigrants (e.g., persons on student or work visas), those admitted under refugee or asylee status, and persons illegally residing in the United States. Religious affiliation too correlates with ones feelings toward their Indian identity. Therefore, the map above looks at the country other than Mexico that is the birthplace of the most foreign-born respondents in the survey. In certain cases, these larger groupings consist of smaller denominations that have been aggregated upward. According to YouGov, its panel outperformed its peer competitors evaluated in this Pew study. From 1990 to 2007, the unauthorized immigrant population more than tripled in size from 3.5 million to a record high of 12.2 million in 2007. Interestingly, among foreign-born respondents, twice as many men (20 percent) have a spouse of non-Indian origin compared to women (10 percent), but the gap more than disappears among those born in the United States: while 27 percent of men have a spouse of non-Indian origin, this rises to 31 percent among women. The examination of partisanship, in turn, further distinguishes between partisan support in India and in the United States.43. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. The label Indian origin itself masks variation in terms of ones place of birth. The modal responseselected by 38 percent of respondentsis that some of their friends are of Indian origin. The decline in the unauthorized immigrant population is due largely to a fall in the number from Mexico the single largest group of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. Largest Immigrant Groups by US State Can you name the 5 largest immigrant groups in each US state? Brazil 16,746. 17 This compares with 60 percent as per data from the 2018 ACS. Overall, a majority of Americans have positive views about immigrants. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share . At Carnegie, we owe special thanks to Samuel Brase and Cooper Hewell for their editorial assistance. The English are the largest ethnic group among the 3.9 million people counted, though nearly one in five Americans are of African heritage. Yet these views vary starkly by political affiliation. By the 1930s, Italians were the largest immigrant group in the nation and in nine states, including New York, Louisiana, New Jersey and Nevada. For respondents who experienced discrimination, the survey asks whether the perpetrators of discrimination were Indian, non-Indian, or both (see figure 28). There is also important variation by ones religious identity. Since 1965, when U.S. immigration laws replaced a national quota system, the number of immigrants living in the U.S. has more than quadrupled. The states with the largest number of immigrants from India are California, New Jersey, and New York. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax Where does this leave the Indian American community and its role in promoting U.S.-India relations? She studies misinformation, media effects, and political behavior and employs survey and experimental methods in her work. Further analysis shows that both age and duration of stay in the United States are important. Give Orange. One percent of respondents point to some other factor. Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. According to IAAS data, 54 percent of respondents report belonging to the Hindu faith (see figure 6). Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. Among immigrants ages 5 and older, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language. On the contrary, India continues to exist in the present as it influences the lives of the diasporaeven as its members chart a new path in their adopted home. rise in the number from Central America and Asia. The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. Religious differences, in particular, have emerged as a salient divide both in India and among members of the diaspora. From 2001 to 2018, a majority (60%) of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime. Asian immigrants collectively comprised 28%, FBI Accused of Covering Up Buried Treasure. Immigrant Population by State and County This map displays the geographic distribution of immigrants in the United States by country of origin. Figure 30 provides the geographic distribution of survey respondents by state of residence. These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 64% of the nations total foreign-born population. 35 While this might seem counterintuitive, this finding is explained by the fact that U.S.-born respondents are significantly more likely to identify as more American than Indian. As the figure demonstrates, religion leads the way59 percent of Indian Americans believe it is responsible for creating internal divisions in the community. This is a list of U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net migration. Thirty-seven percent of Congress supporters are somewhat comfortable having friends who support the BJP (identical to the share of BJP supporters who are somewhat comfortable having Congress friends), but just 23 percent say they are very comfortable having BJP supporters as friends (for BJP supporters, the analogous share is 35 percent). The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. The population of immigrants is also very diverse, with just about every country in the world represented among U.S. immigrants. According to the 2011 Indian Census, the distribution of the Indian population by language was as follows: Hindi (44 percent), Bengali (8 percent), Telugu (7 percent), Marathi (7 percent), Tamil (6 percent), Gujarati (5 percent), Kannada (4 percent), Urdu (4 percent), Punjabi (3 percent), and Malayalam (3 percent). Whereas 53 percent of foreign-born Hindu Indian Americans affiliate with a caste group, 34 percent of U.S.-born Hindu Indian Americans do the same. To what degree do Indian Americans engage with American politics, their civic community, and Indian culture? 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