In 1006 CE a Srivijayan Maharaja from Sailendra dynasty king Maravijayattungavarman constructed the Chudamani Vihara in the port town of Nagapattinam. He personally oversaw the construction of the grand monument of Borobudur; a massive stone mandala, which was completed in 825, during his reign. 4.the stages that preceded Srivijaya's foundation in the late seventh century see Agustijanto For Indrajaya 2012 and now particularly Manguin 2009 and 2016. [citation needed] According to this theory, Samara launched a massive annihilation against Chola and claimed the Srivijaya throne in 1045. This statue, dating back to the 7th and 8th centuries, exists as proof of the spread of art, culture, and ideology through the medium of trade. Samaragrawira was mentioned as the king of Java that married Tr, daughter of Dharmasetu. If foreign ships passing through the vicinity do not call in this state, [vessels] are sent to teach them a lesson and to kill. In 1025 Chola seized Palembang, captured the king and carried off his treasures, and also attacked other parts of the kingdom. Also, I did a quick google search and I couldn't find anything relating to a Srivijaya-China conflict. The Padang Roco Inscription was discovered in 1911 near the source of the Batang Hari river. [103], After Singhasari attack on Malayu in 1275, a large number of Malay port-states emerged in the Strait, each seeking to engage directly with foreign traders, with varying degrees of success. Palembang, a major city of the Srivijaya Empire, became a well-known stop for Chinese Buddhist pilgrims on their way to India, the birthplace of Buddhism. For some periods, Srivijaya controlled the transoceanic trade in its central passage in the Strait of Malacca, as part of the Maritime Silk Road. The society in the Byzantine Empire (4th-15th century CE) was dominated by the imperial family and the male aristocracy but there were opportunities for social advancement thanks to wars, population movements, imperial gifts of lands and titles, and intermarriage. They are Muaro Jambi by the bank of Batang Hari River in Jambi province; Muara Takus stupas in Kampar River valley of Riau province; and Biaro Bahal temple compound in Barumun and Pannai river valleys, North Sumatra province. [82], In addition to coercive methods through raids and conquests and being bound by pasumpahan (oath of allegiance), the royalties of each kadatuan often formed alliances through dynastic marriages. [19][21], Srivijaya, and by extension Sumatra, had been known by different names to different peoples. In 999 the Srivijayan envoy sailed from China to Champa in an attempt to return home, however, he received no news about the condition of his country. Direct link to North29's post Society was headed by a k, Posted 5 years ago. The recent troves discovered from the muddy sediments in the bottom of Musi river seems to confirms that Palembang was indeed the commercial centre of Srivijaya kingdom. This post is written especially for current students in GOVT 3443/ASIAN 3334, Southeast Asian Politics. Srivijaya undoubtedly benefited from this. [91][92] They were also said to be in possession of vast treasures of gold and silver. Srivijaya (Indonesian: Sriwijaya)[4]:131 was a Buddhist thalassocratic[5] empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia), which influenced much of Southeast Asia. Srivijaya recognised that the submission of Melayu would increase its own prestige.[44]. At times, the Chola seafaring led to outright plunder and conquest as far as Southeast Asia. [22] While the Javanese called them Suvarnabhumi, Suvarnadvipa, Melayu, or Malayu. The Buddhist art and architecture of Srivijaya was influenced by the Indian art of the Gupta Empire and Pala Empire. This linguistic policy was probably stemmed from the rather egalitarian nature of Mahayana Buddhist adhered in Srivijaya, in contrast to the elitist nature of Hinduism. Monks would come from China to worship there. In the second half of the eighth century, the capital of Srivijayan Mandala seems to be relocated and reestablished in Central Java, in the splendid court of the Mataram Kingdom located somewhere in fertile Kedu and Kewu Plain, in the same location of the majestic Borobudur, Manjusrigrha and Prambanan monuments. Direct link to Adam's post Can we please be friends , Posted 3 years ago. The Telaga Batu inscription, discovered in Sabokingking, eastern Palembang, is also a siddhayatra inscription, from the 7th century. Historians say that much of Srivijaya's influence is seen in the Borom pagoda building. "[4]:92 Samaratungga, just like Samaragrawira, seems to have been deeply influenced by peaceful Mahayana Buddhist beliefs and strove to become a peaceful and benevolent ruler. There were opportunities to release (i.e. [118] He is also given credit for translating Buddhist text which has the most instructions on the discipline of the religion. It was an easy location for traders from different regions to meet as opposed to visiting each other directly. They took care of one another and would receive the same treatment in kind. Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2012). They claim that they held the role of commanders in the army of the various Rajput Rajahs of Rajputana. For example, an inscription detailing a speech from a park dedication in 684 CE depicts a Srivijayan king, Sri Jayanasa, as a. Srivijayan bronze torso statue of Boddhisattva Padmapani (Avalokiteshvara), eighth century CE (Chaiya, Surat Thani, Southern Thailand). The Srivijaya Empire based in Palembang did not become an empire by virtue of a superior military technology. There are three foundations from which kinship is developed in Aboriginal communities. With its naval power, the empire managed to suppress piracy along the Malacca strait, making Srivjayan entrepots the port of choice for traders. Rajendra Chola's naval strike was a geostrategic manoeuvre. The commonality of Srivijayan art exists in Southeast Asian sites, proving their influence on art and architecture across the region. The exact location of Minanga Tamwan is still a subject of discussion. The new town was named after the prominent Bulgarian revolutionary Georgi Sava Rakovski. Although each country put their own spin on an idea, it is evident how trade played a huge role in spreading ideas throughout Southeast Asia, especially in Srivijaya. [73] In 1079 in particular, an ambassador from Jambi and Palembang each visited China. These records show that both the nature of Srivijaya's navy, and the role it played in the survival of the government itself, in the late 12th and 13th centuries, became very different. Some Thai historians argue it was the capital of Srivijaya itself,[40] but this is generally discounted. [58][131], Although Srivijaya left few archaeological remains and was almost forgotten in the collective memory in Maritime Southeast Asia, the rediscovery of this ancient maritime empire by Cds in the 1920s raised the notion that it was possible for a widespread political entity to have thrived in Southeast Asia in the past. are not afraid of dying). the persons onboard the merchant ships have to be killed). [114] The difference in material, yet overarching theme of Buddhism found across the region supports the spread of Buddhism through trade. [4]:142143 His navy sailed swiftly to Sumatra using monsoon winds, made a stealth attack and raided Srivijaya's 14 ports. China did trade with the Srivijaya empire; in fact, these traders wrote accounts of their voyages to and from the Srivijaya empire. Srivijaya hay Tam Pht T () l mt lin minh kiu mandala gm nhiu nh nc c tng tn ti min ng Sumatra, bn o Malay v mt phn o Borneo v Java, hnh thnh t th k 7 hoc th k 8 v kt thc vo khong cui th k 13. This has motivated Indonesian historian to trace the origin of songket and its possible link to Srivijaya. Direct link to Adam's post Hey I really enjoyed your, Posted 4 years ago. It also notes that their favourite pastimes were cockfighting and pig fighting. But Manguin hints at political myths and local tales as an additional means to understand early formative stages of Southeast Asian statehood (Manguin 1991: 429). It is located in the Plovdiv Province. Srivijaya was then ruled by King Dharmasetu and had established bases on the Malay Peninsula. However, artifacts of the empire include Buddhist sculptures and the remains of, The Srivijaya Empire controlled two major passageways between India and China: the Sunda Straits from the city of Palembang and the. [133] For centuries, Srivijaya, through its expansion, economic power and military prowess, was responsible for the widespread of Old Malay throughout the Malay Archipelago. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The relations between Balaputra and Pramodhawardhani are interpreted differently by some historians. [73] The Chola expeditions as well as the changing trade routes weakened Palembang, allowing Jambi to take the leadership of Srivijaya from the 11th century onwards.[74]. He appointed the Khmer Prince Jayavarman II as governor of Indrapura in the Mekong delta under Sailendran rule. Entrept port of Palembang and the islands of Indonesia Evidence on the island of Sumatra Indonesia! [27], The currency of the empire was gold and silver coins embossed with the image of the sandalwood flower (of which Srivijaya had a trade monopoly on) and the word "vara," or "glory," in Sanskrit. [16], The Sundanese manuscript of Carita Parahyangan, composed around the late 16th century in West Java, vaguely mentioned about the name "Sang Sri Wijaya". Corrections? There are four types of kinship in Africa: patrilineal, matrilineal, double, and bilateral. Between 1017 and 1025, the Cholas raided the main Malay ports in the Strait and the Gulf of Siam, including Kedah, Malay (Jambi), Lambri, Sriwijaya and Langkasuka, looted the Kedah treasury and captured Srivijayan rulers, a further indication of the incompetence of the Malacca Straits states to defend itself from naval attacks. Hence, this state (Srivijaya) is a great shipping centre. In the midst of the crisis brought by the Javanese invasion, he secured Chinese political support by appeasing the Chinese Emperor. Nilakanta Sastri suggests that the attacks were probably caused by Srivijaya's attempts to throw obstacles in the way of the Chola trade with the East or, more probably, a simple desire on the part of Rajendra Chola to extend his military victories to the well known countries to gain prestige. voor taal-, land- en volkenkunde, Den Haag 1975. Direct link to George Estep's post China did trade with the , Posted 2 years ago. It was involved in close interactions, often rivalries, with the neighbouring Mataram, Khmer and Champa. Chinese sources also mentioned that Srivijaya hosts thousands of Buddhist monks. They also brought cultural influences from India, China, and mainland Southeast Asia. Shares stories and advice from caregivers and birth parents who have experienced kinship care on the importance of maintaining boundaries, managing family dynamics, building trust, positive parenting and communication, and securing support. Despite the naval confrontation between Java and Srivijaya, communication between the coastal governments of the Indian Ocean and China continued during this time, suggesting that the conflict did not always occur on the high seas, but was more likely to be confined to the estuaries and rivers around the Srivijayan capital of Palembang, the mouth of the Musi River and the Bangka Straits.[96]. The migration to Madagascar was estimated to have taken place 1,200 years ago around 830. This is another reason why the discovery of Srivijaya was so difficult. [126], Some historians claim that Chaiya in Surat Thani Province in southern Thailand was, at least temporarily, the capital of Srivijaya, but this claim is widely disputed. Later historians such as Muljana, on the other hand, argued that Balaputra was the son of Samaragrawira and the younger brother of Samaratungga, which means he was the uncle of Pramodhawardhani. Therefore, the development of an increasingly proactive naval strategy was not only a reaction to the changing nature of interactions with major trading partners such as China and India, but also as a result of Srivijaya's declining power. He led twenty thousand troops (mainly land troopers and a few hundred ships) from Minanga Tamwan (speculated to be Minangkabau) to Palembang, Jambi, and Bengkulu. The news of the Javanese invasion of Srivijaya was recorded in Chinese Song period sources. The Buddhist temples dated from Srivijayan era in Sumatra are Muaro Jambi, Muara Takus and Biaro Bahal. It established trade relations not only with the states in the Malay Archipelago but also with China and India. gender roles, social classes and hierarchy, family and kinship, etc)? The majority of the lower classes would have followed the profession of their parents, but inheritance, the accumulation of wealth . [67], The raids gravely weakened the Srivijayan hegemony and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms like Kediri, which were based on intensive agriculture rather than coastal and long-distance trade. Srivijaya was then in frequent conflict with, and ultimately subjugated by, the Javanese kingdoms of Singhasari and, later, Majapahit. Internal competition among Malay groups of different river systems have been documented by Chinese dynastic records. These titles are mentioned: rjaputra (princes, lit: sons of king), kumrmtya (ministers), bhpati (regional rulers), senpati (generals), nyaka (local community leaders), pratyaya (nobles), hji pratyaya (lesser kings), dandanayaka (judges), tuh an vatak (workers inspectors), vuruh (workers), addhyksi njavarna (lower supervisors), vskarana (blacksmiths/weapon makers), ctabhata (soldiers), adhikarana (officials), kyastha (store workers), sthpaka (artisans), puhvam (ship captains), vaniyga (traders), mars hji (king's servants), hulun hji (king's slaves).[80]. Palembang and its relevance to the early Malay state suffered a great deal of controversy in terms of its evidence build-up through the archaeological record. The Srivijaya was a Malaysian seaborne Empire, which exercised considerable control over Southeast Asia during the 7 th to 12 th centuries. A majority of the revenue from international trade was used to finance the military which was charged with the responsibility of protecting the ports. [87], The port of Srivijaya served as an important entrept in which valuable commodities from the region and beyond are collected, traded and shipped. Which belief system? What were some of the continuities that are still present from the Srivijaya in today's society? Omissions? r[13] means "fortunate", "prosperous", or "happy" and Vijaya[14] means "victorious" or "excellence". The reason for the collapse of the Srivijaya kingdom is unknown, but Dr. Kingley suggests the Empire was buried by Indonesia's erupting volcanoes and met a similar fate like Pompeii. [37] The Srivijayan Period is referred to as the time when Srivijaya ruled over present-day southern Thailand. Rejoiced, the Chinese Emperor named the temple Ch'eng-t'en-wan-shou ('ten thousand years of receiving blessing from heaven, which is China) and a bell was immediately cast and sent to Srivijaya to be installed in the temple. [112] In Malay Peninsula the bronze statue of Avalokiteshvara of Bidor discovered in Perak Malaysia,[113] and Avalokiteshvara of Chaiya in Southern Thailand. best places to live in turin, italy; possessive apostrophe lesson plan year 3 gender roles in srivijaya empire Srivijaya was the first . Srivijaya University, established in 1960 in Palembang, was named after Srivijaya. [104], Textual record of Srivijayan vessels is very lacking, as Old Malay texts rarely mentioned watercraft. [136][137] A textile motif known today in Palembang songket as lepus can be seen on the vest worn by Figure 1 statue at the Bumiayu temple complex, which suggests a remarkable continuity of that motif that has been around since the 9th century. [54]:100. It was the working language of traders and it was used in various ports, and marketplaces in the region. [10] Between the late 7th and early 11th century, Srivijaya rose to become a hegemon in Southeast Asia. [27], Due to the contradicting pattern found in southern regions, like Palembang, in 1977 Bennet Bronson developed a speculative model for a better understanding of coastal-oriented states in Insular Southeast Asia, such as insular and peninsular Malaysia, the Philippines, and western Indonesia. The Lake Palace, Udaipur. They have to die (i.e. These discoveries reinforce the suggestion that Palembang was the center of Srivijaya. The kingdom had developed a complex society; which characterised by heterogeneity of their society, inequality of social stratification, and the formation of national administrative institution in their kingdom. The empire was based around trade, with local kings (dhatus or community leaders) swearing allegiance to the central lord for mutual profit. Luas maksimum Srivijaya sekitar abad ke-8 dengan laluan ekspedisi dan penaklukan Srivijaya. [81], The relations between the central kadatuan and its member (subscribers) kadatuans were dynamic. It adhered to Mahayana Buddhism and soon became the stopping point for Chinese Buddhist pilgrims on their way to India. However, a survey of the available information shows that such an assumption is incorrect. The 13th century Chinese account confirmed this; in his Zhu Fan Zhi, Zhao Rukuo mentioned, "The residents of Sanfo-tsi (Srivijaya) live scattered outside the city on the water, within rafts lined with reeds." These travelers were primarily situated in Palembang for long periods of time due to waiting for Monsoon winds to help further their journey. Two years after that, the weakening Tang Dynasty conferred a title on a Srivijayan envoy. A rebellion broke out in 1377 and was quashed by Majapahit but it left the area of southern Sumatera in chaos and desolation. Some forms of metallurgy were used as jewelry, currency (coins), as status symbolsfor decorative purposes. Srivijaya was the first unified kingdom to dominate much of the Indonesian archipelago. This possibly occurred in the 680s. According to Sung-shih, a Song dynasty chronicle, Srivijaya sent their envoys for the last time in 1178. The statue demonstrates the Central Java art influence. The 7th-century siddhayatra inscriptions discovered in Palembang and Bangka Island are also vital primary historical sources. The language diction of many inscriptions found near where Srivijaya once reigned incorporated Indian Tantric conceptions. One kingdom that we mentioned briefly was the Srivijayan Empire, a maritime state whose territory spanned Most religions start when enough people try something and find that it "kind of" works, or "seems to help". Direct link to dawson.wheeler's post what were the gender role, Posted 2 years ago. Direct link to David Alexander's post Most religions start when, Posted 2 years ago. The kingdom of Srivijaya, a name which translates to "shining victory", was a Malay polity centred in Palembang in south Sumatra. These groups were created for various reasons but served the same goals. The naval strategy of Srivijaya was mainly punitive; this was done to coerce trading ships to be called to their port. Srivijaya controlled the key Melaka Straits, between the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Indonesia, through which passed all sorts of luxury items such as spices, tortoiseshell, silk, jewels, camphor, and tropical woods. All of them prepare and equip [themselves] with soldiers, equipment, and food. This unique period is known as the Srivijayan episode in Central Java, when the monarch of Sailendras rose to become the Maharaja of Srivijaya. Sanskrit was only known by a limited circle; brahmin (priests) and kavi (poets), while Old Malay was a common language in Srivijayan realm. [4]:109 The relation between Srivijaya and the Chola dynasty of southern India was initially friendly during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I. [3], Around the end of the 11th century, the capital had moved to Jambi and would remain as its capital until the 13th century.[36]. [124] Its location was instrumental in developing itself as a major connecting port between China and the Middle East to Southeast Asia. A perfect example of this exchange is the. This was accomplished through its system of: 'oath of allegiances' to local elites; its efforts on redistributions of wealth; and alliances made with local datus (chieftains) rather than on direct coercion. So how did Srivijaya grow into an empire? [88][82], Ceramics were a major trade commodity between Srivijaya and China with shard artifacts found along the coast of Sumatra and Java. The choice of Srivijaya as a research objective rested on three considerations. [4]:130,132,141,144, The contributary factors in the decline of Srivijaya were foreign piracy and raids that disrupted trade and security in the region. Direct link to Om, Maelyn-Rose's post 11:17 how did these relig, Posted 3 years ago. The Berlin Blockade. The proponent of Muaro Jambi theory as Srivijaya's capital pointing out that the descriptions written by I-Tsing and Chau Ju-kua, the description of Srivijaya realms by the Cholas, also the archaeological findings, suggests that the Srivijaya capital fits Muaro Jambi's environs better than the marshy Palembang. Because of the large amount of remains, such as the Ligor stele, found in this region, some scholars attempted to prove Chaiya as the capital rather than Palembang. They were the parents of at least 3 sons and 1 daughter. Srivijaya is a Sanskrit-derived name: , rvijaya. What goods were actually native to Srivijaya is currently being disputed due to the volume of cargo that regularly passed through the region from India, China, and Arabia. She married Yozo Nikolov Mikereshki in 1915, in rakovski, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Modern Indonesian historians have invoked Srivijaya not merely as a glorification of the past, but as a frame of reference and example of how ancient globalisation, foreign relations and maritime trade, has shaped Asian civilisation.[132]. Compared to Palembang, Muaro Jambi has richer archaeological sites, i.e. During the same century, Langkasuka on the Malay Peninsula became part of Srivijaya. Lack of evidence of southern settlements in the archaeological record comes from the disinterest in the archeologist and the unclear physical visibility of the settlement themselves. Being that historical evidence places the capital in Palembang, and in junction of three rivers, the Musi River, the Komering River, and the Ogan River, such model can be applied. The different styles of bangles and beads represent the different regions of origin and their own specific materials and techniques used. China had a good relationship with the country while it was still in power. "Cambodia" or "Kampuchea" in native sound. This gift made the people of Suvarnabhumi rejoice, especially their king Tribhuwanaraja. Discovered in Seguntang Hill, western Palembang, this inscription tells about the establishment of the bountiful rksetra garden endowed by King Jayanasa of Srivijaya for the well-being of all creatures. Also, according to the inscriptions, Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa launched a military campaign against Java in the late 7th century, a period which coincided with the decline of Tarumanagara in West Java and the Kalingga in Central Java. It . [citation needed], The main interest of Srivijayan foreign economic relations was to secure a highly lucrative trade agreement to serve a large Chinese market, that span from the Tang dynasty to the Song dynasty era. Artefacts unearthed includes large amount of Chinese ceramics and Indian rouletted ware remains, also the ruins of stupa at the foot of Bukit Seguntang. It's literally only been known . In 1245, Pope _____ wrote two letters and dispatched Giovanni di Pian de Carpine in an unsuccessful effort to convert the Mongols to Christianity. [54]:95 The Melayu Kingdom's independence coincided with the troubled times when the Sailendran Balaputradewa was expelled from Java and later seized the throne of Srivijaya. By 1178, a Srivijayan mission to China highlighted Srivijaya's role as an intermediary to acquire Bornean products, such as plum flower-shaped Borneo camphor planks. [91][92] Trading records from the 9th and 10th centuries mention Srivijaya, but do not expand upon regions further east, thus indicating that Arabic traders were not engaging with other regions in Southeast Asia, thus serving as further evidence of Srivijaya's important role as a link between the two regions.[88]. In the 8th century, Sriwijaya's naval capabilities grew to match the proportion of its army strength, although it only played a role as logistical support. [52] According to Cds, "In the second half of the ninth century Java and Sumatra were united under the rule of a Sailendra reigning in Java its center at Palembang. The coins used as currency were made from a mixture of copper, silver and tin. [128], The reason for this sudden change in the relationship with the Chola kingdom is not really known. Kedukan Bukit inscription (683 AD) mentioned samvau (modern Malay: Sampan). Srivijaya was a Malay thalassocracy centered on Palembang (Sumatra), existing from the 7th to the 13th century. [55]:229, Dharmawangsa's invasion led the Maharaja of Srivijaya, Sri Cudamani Warmadewa, to seek protection from China. The kinship system is a central feature of Aboriginal socialisation and family relationships. There are also reports mentioning the Java-Srivijayan raids on Southern Cambodia (Mekong estuarine) and ports of Champa. In the 10th century, the rivalry between Sumatran Srivijaya and the Javanese Mataram kingdom became more intense and hostile. The accumulation of particular foreign goods that were easily accessible and in large supply might have given the impression they were products of Srivijaya. This attack opened the eyes of Srivijayan Maharaja to the dangerousness of the Javanese Mataram Kingdom, so he patiently laid a plan to destroy his Javanese nemesis. The empiretraded extensively with India and China, incorporating Buddhist and Chinese political practices into their traditions. Some Indian and Arabic accounts also vaguely describe the riches and fabulous fortune of the king of Zabag. In 1792 B.C., a new empire began to control much of Mesopotamia. [4]:92 Unlike his predecessor, the expansive and warlike Dharanindra, Samaragrawira seems to have been a pacifist, enjoying the peaceful prosperity of interior Java in the Kedu Plain and being more interested in completing the Borobudur project. The Kota Kapur Inscription mentions Srivijaya military dominance against Java. Chola influence extends to northwest India and the Srivijaya Empire. [58][59] This invasion forced Srivijaya to make peace with the Javanese kingdom of Kahuripan. It adds that the queen's brother, who was a general in Rajendra's army, set up a watershed at the same place in memory of his sister. After the Chola attack, there is no information about naval problems in the Malacca Strait until a very different story in Lingwai daida (1178), written by Zhou Qufei: This country (Srivijaya) has no products, but its people are well trained in warfare. [125] This was not the first time the Srivijayans had a conflict with the Javanese. Bronson's model was based on the dendritic patterns of a drainage basin where its opening leads out to sea. Direct link to Hassan's post How were people able to c. Before the 12th century, Srivijaya was primarily a land-based polity rather than a maritime power, fleets were available but acted as logistical support to facilitate the projection of land power. [117], A stronghold of Vajrayana Buddhism, Srivijaya attracted pilgrims and scholars from other parts of Asia. In Jambi, golden statue of Avalokiteshvara were discovered in Rataukapastuo, Muarabulian. Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from the 8th to the 12th century AD. Early 20th-century historians that studied the inscriptions of Sumatra and the neighboring islands thought that the term "Srivijaya" referred to a king's name. [39] The city of Chaiya's name may be derived from the Malay name "Cahaya" which means "light" or "radiance". Hegemon in Southeast Asian sites, proving their influence on art and architecture across the supports. Especially their king Tribhuwanaraja practices into their traditions was an easy location for traders from different regions to as... Voor taal- srivijaya empire family and kinship land- en volkenkunde, Den Haag 1975 close interactions, often rivalries with. A Malay thalassocracy centered on Palembang ( Sumatra ), as Old Malay texts rarely mentioned.... Srivijaya University, established in 1960 in Palembang for long periods of time due to waiting for monsoon to! 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