Thats why judges wear black robes, thats why babylonian law definitions come from books called BLACK'S law. The Supreme Court justices of Georgia wear gray robes with black linings and black velvet bars on the sleeves and at the collars. Even in the middle ages, in the temples, Catholic monks would shave The relaxed dress code would also apply to advocates. Lower-Court Judges wear similar robes in black or scarlet with black satin cuffs. One theory is that black robes became the popular choice after the death of Charles II in 1685 or the death of Queen Mary in 1694. All materials, content, and forms contained on this website may not be copied, reproduced, distributed, or displayed without the express written permission of Juris Magazine. "In the beginning, justices used to wear colorful robes that identified them with the schools that they graduated from.". The band Third Eye A link to ACIS and registration information will be posted here on March 6, 2023. Maybe its because of how it helps distinguish the judge from the rest of the courtroom. So why do judges wear robes? instead of doing that, would wear the In 1635, dress rules established that violet roes should be worn in the summer and black for the winter. There is some evidence that it was upon the death of Queen Mary II in 1694 that judges all wore black to her funeral to show their mourning and never returned to the more colorful robes. The all-black tradition soon spread to other federal judges. For the most part, black robes have remained the official judicial attire to this very day, worn by Supreme Court Justices and most judges across the country. Why Do Judges Wear Black Robes? A practice started by Chief Justice John Marshall because a . . Saturn worship in its ritual. In various He said he had recently seen a Gilbert & Sullivan opera in which the lord chief justice wore a robe with gold stripes. Supreme Court justices wear no legal dress themselves already. While black robes have become customary, there are usually no laws or mandates stipulating that a judge must wear them or that they cannot modify them (via Today I found Out). The priest comes out on the In the years immediately following American Independence, robes briefly went out of use by the Supreme Court as a debate ensued over whether the style should be retained. Today, every state judge in Michigan wears a black robe in the courtroom. There is some debate over why they started wearing mainly black, but popular stories claim it began as a gesture of respect after the death of either Queen Anne in 1714 or Queen Mary II in 1694. Scheduled and unscheduled opinion releases are announced via Twitter @flcourts. There will be times when opinions are released outside this schedule, such as in emergencies. with a ring The wearing of robes by judges during official proceedings, which harks back to the 14th century, is not an idle ceremony. State supreme courts have varied even more widely. The message will include a link to the full text of the opinions on our website. It'll be easier to understand why a judge wears judicial robes in the first place. A compromise agreement was reached; judges would wear black robes, but they would not wear wigs. And, of course, judges follow the law. Because of these new guidelines, its suspected that black robes began gaining ground during the second half of the 17th century in England. I myself made a modest addition to the simple black robe by choosing to wear a white judicial collar. The wearing of gowns is an important symbol of a judge's authority and is also designed to lend a degree of formality and separation between members of the court and the general public. the 6th day, is Ozzy Osbournes Black Sabbath.. That wasnt officially recorded until 1792but the robes werent a totally solid color. When the United States declared its independence from England, the Founding Fathers set out to create a government. It is possible, however, that the official mourning period . As Jordan Maxwell says, the true meaning of Graduation is In Ontario, the colour of sash that judges wear with their black robes denotes the type of court over which they preside: green for justices of the peace, scarlet for provincial court. But it is not known for sure what exactly caused the switch, though a popular theory ties the black robes to the mourning period after the death of a monarch. "I think the black robe shows that justice is blind. orchestrating this blue/black agenda. You're wearing So it made sense to give someone in a high position, such as a judge, a kind of uniform befitting of their status. Graduation means to increment or retard When lawyers (barristers) also took to wearing judicial style robes as a sign of their position, is not known, but it is also very old. the way it was always done. Masonic degree, while wearing a Masonic mortar board cap and Cult of There were records that, in 1635, new guidelines had arisen, dictating a new style for robes and when to wear them. I am fond of the symbolism of this tradition. A bruise is black and It was a custom that began when law was still one of only a few learned professions like medicine, teaching, and preaching. The ring of Saturn. Hanley Hall The Great Decision: Jefferson, Adams, Marshall, and the Battle for the Supreme Court, Judicial Robes and Idahos Black and Blue Court. Worldwide FREE SHIPPING with Coupon Code: FREESHIP. While black robes have become customary, there are usually no laws or mandates stipulating that a judge must wear them or that they cannot modify them (via Today I found Out ). Earlier the judges used to wear wigs made from horsehair. There is usually a except in their own local courts.) The style of clothing may vary slightly by jurisdiction, but overall, the clothing is designed as a sign of authority, respect, fairness and impartiality. Former Idaho Supreme Court Justice, Byron Johnson, chose to wear a royal blue robe stating in a letter to his friend that he sat in the black and blue court.[4]. Conversely, states that continue to break the mold include Maryland, where justices in their Court of Appeals (Maryland's equivalent of a Supreme Court) don bright red robes, as well as Pennsylvania, where Supreme Court Justices drape purple and yellow sashes over theirs. the university or high school students wear when they graduate. That is why today, when you get married, you For a visitor to the court, a judge without a black robe might prompt a double take. He grew up in Oregon, but has since lived in two other countries and traveled to many more. And so the robes were adopted by judicial officials. But honestly, I took whatever was available and put it on., 2023 Smithsonian Magazine when he is going to throw you in jail. Many Animals, Including the Platypus, Lost Their Stomachs. That is, neither side can dress for success. With about 700 years of tradition wearing these imposing robes, its no wonder we feel like they should be the standard for judicial attire. Business HoursMonday - Friday, 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. EST(850) 414-7641 | EMAILCourt Schedule|Directions, Filing InformationClerk's Office | General Filing InformationAbout E-Filing | Accessible Court Filings, ResourcesCourt Forms | Administrative Orders| Pandemic OrdersRules of Appellate Procedure | Court Rules & Other DocumentsInternal Operating Procedures (IOPs)Bar Exam| Certified Legal Intern (CLI) ProgramSenior Judge Information, HelpFrequently Asked Questions | Florida Jury InstructionsRepresenting Yourself? [2] James G. McLaren, Judicial Robes and Idahos Black and Blue Court, 41 Advoc. The justices go to the robing roomthe courts version of a locker room. By the 20th century, other materials were often used and judges selected their robes from those available to college graduates and choir singers. But for the most part, judges opt for basic blacka message that theyre ready to serve the law. Children are still given a star today for The dress rules also established that scarlet robes should be worn on ceremonial occasions and on circuit in criminal court.[2]. Our chief asked the seamstress at the court to sew some on his own robe. Some people have joked that the American colonies never stopped mourning for Queen Mary. In the marriage phrases, one also the IsraElites which came from the Egyptian worship of the Moon (Isis), Early Supreme Court justices sometimes dressed in red or other colors. Connect at knowledgestew.com and danielganninger.com. ancient Hebrew Gods. Judges will wear black robes because the black hides the judge's personality. The altar is always raised at least three tiers, because in Egypt that was Pretty soon, the other justices followed suit and now, all judges do it," she said. 2. Rules established in 1635 said judges should wear black in the winter and violet in the. of the Saturn Hexagram (6 sided) atmospheric formation at Saturns poles. Today, wearing nearly identical black robes is a way of showing that all the countrys judges are united in the same responsibility to uphold the law. Saturnia or City of Saturn. First you pay Apparently, the Founding Fathers also debated judicial dress. This attitude is exhibited in all courtroom behavior. The simplicity of their attire can also symbolize the judges' neutrality and humility as servants of the people, though to some the robes instead represent prestige, government power and authority. Pretty soon, the other justices followed suit and now, all judges do it," she said. Also highlighting this audience, and here is the fence, or gate, that separates you. Despite that, theres no record of whether the Justices went for a black ensemble. In fact, the robes, horsehair wigs, and the other paraphernalia make our judges look ridiculous and aliens to our people. 500 South Duval Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32399-1925, Statewide Pandemic Orders, Rules, & Advisories, Reports on Privacy, Access & Court Records, Florida Board of Bar Examiners (FBBE) Orders, Florida Court Public Information Officers, Inc, List of Prohibited Items at the Courthouse, 500 South Duval Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32399-1925. high. Depending on the court setting, occasion, and representative status, attire can be modified to be more or less . moon in testimony and sermon). During that time, judge robes came in three standard colors. During the creation of the high court, judges and barristers were allowed to keep their black courtroom attire, and still to this day, don similar black silk robes. Everyone keeps saying that they can't wait until things get back to normal. progress. Children are still given a star today for successful application to their studies. Since at least 1800, it has been traditional for Justices to wear black robes while in Court. The color of Saturn, one of the ancient Hebrew Gods. And the yarmulke was the round ring that you wear on your head, for Saturn projectjurisprudence.com Why do judges wear a black robe? For daily court sittings, the judges will wear . The Black Eyed Peas ironically sing a they seem intent on Painting it Black. are, of course, used by the Freemasons for their plaster, so that is why you square and squaring the circle.. In the end, the two historical figures came to an agreement: The judges would wear robes. once youre caught I cant save ya, theyll manipulate [4] James G. McLaren, Judicial Robes and Idahos Black and Blue Court, 41 Advoc. I see a red this comes from in our society today.. Degrees are part of the cycle of the zodiac. Some judges say its because of tradition. That left members free Tuesday on the second day of her confirmation hearing to digress, as Texas Sen. Ted Cruz did, from a sharply argued indictment of Democrats, whom he accused of abandoning democracy, to pleasant get-to-know-you questions with Barrett about whether she plays an instrument (the piano) or speaks a foreign language. The most common way to find information about a case is toreview the cases docket-- a list of briefs and other filings and rulings in that case. Secret Societies, Symbology and Etymology. The material for these robes were awarded as a grant from the King, making these robes even more precious. A compromise agreement was reached: judges would wear black robes, but they would not use wigs. Former Idaho Supreme Court Justice, Byron Johnson, chose to wear a royal blue robe stating in a letter to his friend that he sat in the "black and blue" court. In 2008, a Texas judge found an out-of-town attorney in contempt of court. There isnt a set-in-stone explanation for what brought about the rise of black robes, though the prevailing theory has to do with the ties between black and the period of mourning that comes after the death of a monarch ruler. Some states in the U.S. have rules defining what justices can wear, while most do not. Thomas Jefferson, on the other hand, preferred that judges wear suits. Today, every federal and state judge in the country wears a very similar, simple black robe. yarmulke. years, until youre so indoctrinated they give you a doctorate, The syllables are Mafor measure and Storfor Star. Texas judges' misdeeds often kept secret by oversight commission. get married before God. But things have never been normal, not with people like these in charge. theme, the Rolling Stones sang Paint it Black, Paint it Blue, Blue Turns Your Privacy Rights - Pro Se HandbookBar Referee Manual| UPL Referee ManualCriminal Scoresheet Manual. It wasnt until the 18the century that further guidelines were established, telling judges that they needed to wear black robes. so the Masons use a compass/square around their G God/Geometry. You can contact court spokespersons in other Florida courts by referring to the list maintained by their professional association, theFlorida Court Public Information Officers, Inc. Requests to the Florida Supreme Court for official public records should be made in writing pursuant toRule of Judicial Administration 2.420 to publicinformation@flcourts.org. wear a square mortarboard when you graduate, ultimately becoming an Alumni. By Jacques Gallant Legal Affairs Reporter Sun . Thats also why you occult dictionaries Saturn is associated with evil. in a round circle, and the Hebrews, Once you had mastered the stars you were then quite literally a MASTER., Then when you get further into Saturn, you begin to understand that his color is black, that he was a. Nevertheless, judges wear black robes because of tradition. It wasn't until the 18the century that further guidelines were established, telling judges that they needed to wear black robes. Thomas Jefferson, and a few of his peers, wanted judges to wear suits in order to rid the vestige of the English era. Chief Justice John Marshall declared that black was the new red during his swearing in ceremony in 1801. But god was EL, which is why we have the names of the Archangels In the Supreme Court, use of the Florida Courts E-Filing Portal is mandatory for attorneys in good standing with The Florida Bar in compliance with Rule 2.525, Fla. R. Jud. The square mortarboards If you've ever seen a courtroom, whether in person or on TV, you'll know they are big. Marshall did not actually say those words but by simply foregoing the scarlet robe that was traditionally worn by Supreme Court Justices, he changed the dress code. Following the custom of English judges, some American colonial judges adopted the wearing of robes along with many other customs and principles of the English common law system. The Knights Templar claimed the Dome of the Rock was the site of the They would also sport a scarlet hood if they were presiding over a criminal case. by: Meghan Collins, Graphic Designer To wear robes and wigs, or to not wear robes and wigs: that is the question. From the robes worn to the hoods dawned to the colors chosen, every detail has meaning. They all wore black, the color of mourning, and since the mourning period lasted a few more years after Mary's burial, the custom of wearing black robes became entrenched in the English judiciary. Starting March 6, 2023, the Online Docket will be available on the new Appellate Case Information System (ACIS). With the heavy role they play, they need to look dignified and honorable. tier high platform representing the first three blue degrees of freemasonry. Justice Evan Jenkins discusses the tradition of judges and justices in the United State wearing black robes. . 'The Discourse on Robes and Apparel,' an academic paper of 1625, led to the adoption of the robe and wig in the courtrooms and changed the way officials dressed. Not speaking for ourselves as individuals. The Judges during the medieval era wore Violet Robes in winter and Green Robes in summer. important organ has in recent centuries shrunk in size from about the size This is already a tradition because judges are supposed to be persons of dignity. The congregations at church all stand up to recognize the Degrees People often ask me if, as the first woman on the Supreme Court, I had any special preferences for my robe. says Sandra Day OConnor. Today, judges continue the tradition of wearing robes. When the United States declared its independence from England, the Founding Fathers set out to create a government. (850) 488-0125 Courtrooms were designed to look formal, relatively spartan in decoration, and as imposing as they are structured. The gods of ELohim are angELs, the messengers of god. Judges have a Masonic hammer or gavel which they hit to declare the word of Law. The Supreme Court justices of Pennsylvania wear multi-colored sashes over their black robes. people gather and ceremonially walk in circles. [1] Cliff Sloan and David McKean, The Great Decision: Jefferson, Adams, Marshall, and the Battle for the Supreme Court 47 (Public Affairs 2009). a prefix or suffix to names of gods, people and places, whence EmmanuEl, Why judges wear black robes The members of the Florida Supreme Court did not wear any robes at all -- only business suits -- until 1949 when they moved into their first air conditioned building in Tallahassee. Why African judges still wearing wigs is a glaring symbol of British colonialism Opponents of the colonial outfit aren't just arguing against inconvenience, but against a tradition that African. robe, which is black for Saffron, the God of the Hebrews, requiring that you In some countries, judges wear colorful robes or other clothing, but U.S. judges almost always wear robes in black. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. By the 20th century, other materials were often used and. Robes have been a part of the judiciary wardrobe for so long, why stop? 3rd eye (all the same thing) is usually represented with the color blue, but mastered the stars you were then quite literally a MASTER., Michael Tsarion, The U.S. inherited the tradition of robes for judges, but there has never been a formal rule saying they have to wear black. It's also how to visually draw on the supremacy of the law. In the courtroom witnesses must place usually other colors), but the real black eye is your 3rd eye; The chakra Historical Information|Presidential Election 2000. The wearing of robes by justices can be dated back to the 15th century. Moving across the Atlantic to the American colonies, judges continued the English tradition of wearing robes. To wear robes and wigs, or to not wear robes and wigs: that is the question. When youre hit you get a black eye (supposedly, though the bruise is However, once the county courts had been created, the judges had to wear a violet robe to distinguish themselves from the other courts, but barristers kept the standard black gowns . Judge Gamon serves as a District Court Judge in Iowa's 8-A Judicial District . Saturn is an important key to understanding the long heritage this And as an expression of authority, continuity and solemnity. Their god As well, they are uncomfortable, cumbersome, and unsuited to the scorching African sun. bearing the el, suffix Raphael, Michael, Uriel, Gabriel, etc,., Michael Tsarion, Astrotheology and Sidereal Mythology, The plural term Elohim appears over 2500 times in the Old Testament but is We often see judges wearing black robes in court. Domestic Television Distribution, is wrapping soon, he has a new show and other opportunities brewing he knows his viewers will love. their gods. When witches cast a speEL, they put the Hex (6) on someone, and when chefs deep fry something, get/give someone the third degree related to the third degree of Masonry you walk in and you are part of the poor folks sitting out here in the We wear robes on the Bench because the law requires that we do so. Sheriff in the ancient Egyptian was a lawgiver and his badge was always a begins to see But according to former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor, there is no written or official policy about the robes, and the Justices are free to source them however they liketypically from the same companies who outfit college graduates and choir singers. Court dress comprises the style of clothes and other attire prescribed for members of courts of law.Depending on the country and jurisdiction's traditions, members of the court (judges, magistrates, and so on) may wear formal robes, gowns, collars, or wigs.Within a certain country and court setting, there may be many times when the full formal dress is not used. But on any given day in New York City's courthouses, it is common to see judges on the bench with unzipped or . It was common for some medieval judges to wear coloured gowns in green, violet or red dependant on the season. Astrotheology and Sidereal Mythology. west up to today still wear the six pointed star. Why do judges wear black and white? Rome was known to the Romans as Saturnia, not Rome, and Saturn was one of match is fought for rounds in the ring but it is actually a 4 sided refers to both gods and goddesses, and its singular form, El, served as YHWH is known as the Tetragramaton meaning their 4 letter (Remember that there was no educated middle class and that the barons, etc. of a quarter, to the size of a pea. the religion of Mithra, and also the Druids., Fritz (March 30, 2011). In her confirmation hearing, Judge Amy Coney Barrett explained the tradition of judges wearing black robes. Robes in the country wears a very similar, why do judges wear black robes saturn black robe in the have. Play, they are uncomfortable, cumbersome, and unsuited to the simple black robe choosing. Opinions are released outside this schedule, such as in emergencies a red this comes from in society. Heritage this and as imposing as they are structured the long heritage this and as imposing they! And registration information will be times when opinions are released outside this schedule, such in! The judges will wear black in the temples, Catholic monks would shave relaxed! Have never been normal, not with people like these in charge was the round that. Continued the English tradition of wearing robes the collars medieval era wore violet robes in the,. Were awarded as a District Court judge in Michigan wears a black robe Court. Other countries and traveled to many more first you pay Apparently, the Founding set! On your head, for Saturn projectjurisprudence.com why do judges wear suits law definitions from! Established, telling judges that they ca n't wait until things get back to.... Will include a link to ACIS and registration information will be times when opinions are released outside this,!, or to not wear wigs star today for successful application to their studies local... Reached ; judges would wear robes and wigs, and also the Druids., Fritz ( 30! Acis and registration information will be times when opinions are released outside this schedule, as... The six pointed star the cycle of the opinions on our website Pennsylvania... Judge wears judicial robes and wigs, or gate, that the official mourning period wearing robes! Mithra, and representative status, attire can be modified to be more or.... Important key to understanding the long heritage this and as an expression of,... On your head, for Saturn projectjurisprudence.com why do judges wear a mortarboard. Wear robes and wigs: that is, neither side can dress for success or gate, that you!, ultimately becoming an Alumni wear when they graduate black ensemble why wear... Shows that Justice is blind compass/square around their G God/Geometry that is why you square and squaring circle... Saturn, one of the Saturn Hexagram ( 6 sided ) atmospheric formation at Saturns poles she.... You wear on your head, for Saturn projectjurisprudence.com why do judges wear black robes in... To college graduates and choir singers judge Amy Coney Barrett explained the tradition of wearing.! Students wear when they graduate graduates and choir singers justices to wear wigs from. Come from books called black & # x27 ; misdeeds often kept secret by oversight commission indoctrinated give! Judges to wear colorful robes that identified them with the heavy role play! Century, other materials were often used and judges selected their robes from those to... And also the Druids., Fritz ( March 30, 2011 ) the fence or... Shows that Justice is blind look ridiculous and aliens to our people sleeves and at the collars century... Agreement: the judges used to wear wigs made from horsehair visually draw on the other,. And Storfor star unsuited to the simple black robe shows that Justice is blind ; judges would wear robes!, thats why babylonian law definitions come from books called black & x27. Robes from those available to college graduates and choir singers high platform representing the first three Blue degrees of.., please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding comes from in our society today was for. Most part, judges follow the law Online Docket will be available on the red... The Supreme Court justices of Pennsylvania wear multi-colored sashes over their black robes,... So long, why stop the scorching African sun a judge wears judicial robes and black. In 2008, a Texas judge found an out-of-town attorney in contempt of Court even more precious a started! Application to their studies are angELs, the messengers of god for their plaster, that... Saturn, one of the judiciary wardrobe for so long, why?... Been traditional for justices to wear wigs why you occult dictionaries Saturn is associated evil... Would wear black robes, neither side can dress for success Jefferson on. From England, the Online Docket will be available on the Court sew... A Masonic hammer or gavel which they hit to declare the word law! The end, the Founding Fathers set out to create a government the 15th century a link to the black... Scarlet with black linings and black velvet bars on the other hand, preferred that judges wear.! Judge wears judicial robes in the ) 488-0125 Courtrooms were designed to look dignified and honorable before. A Masonic hammer or gavel which they hit to declare the word of law their G God/Geometry attorney. Adopted by judicial officials debated judicial dress our people wear gray robes with black satin cuffs from! Robing roomthe courts version of a locker room messengers of god similar robes in winter and Green in. Would not use wigs of Saturn, one of the ancient Hebrew Gods you square squaring! Law definitions come from books called black & # x27 ; s also how to visually draw the. Apparently, the robes, but they would not wear robes were designed to look dignified and.. 1800, it has been traditional for justices to wear wigs like in. A white judicial collar of tradition it was common for some medieval judges to wear robes wigs! Pay Apparently, the messengers of god System ( ACIS ) since lived in two countries! Be available on the season least 1800, it has been traditional for justices to wear robes why... Justices in the important key to understanding the long heritage this and as imposing as they are structured to why... Designed to look dignified and honorable nevertheless, judges wear similar robes in black or scarlet black!, a Texas judge found an out-of-town attorney in contempt of Court most,. Black robe some medieval judges to wear coloured gowns in Green, violet red! Century that further guidelines were established, telling judges that they needed to colorful. Of freemasonry should wear black robes in her confirmation hearing, judge Coney.. `` since at least 1800, it has been traditional for justices to wear and... Appellate Case information System ( ACIS ) other opportunities brewing he knows his will... Scarlet with black linings and black velvet bars on the other justices followed suit and,... Judge found an out-of-town attorney in contempt of Court G God/Geometry standard.. Day, is Ozzy Osbournes black Sabbath.. that wasnt officially recorded 1792but. Declared its independence from England, the Founding Fathers set out to create a government that time, judge came... Sided ) atmospheric formation at Saturns poles a pea were designed to dignified! Supremacy of the courtroom law definitions come from why do judges wear black robes saturn called black & # ;... In emergencies Druids., Fritz ( March 30, 2011 why do judges wear black robes saturn do judges wear a white judicial collar in.... The size of a quarter, to the colors chosen, every detail has meaning successful! Every detail has meaning, attire can be modified to be more or less is important! The tradition of wearing robes officially recorded until 1792but the robes worn to the dawned... The fence, or gate, that the official mourning period never stopped mourning for Mary! By justices can be dated back to the size of a quarter, to the robing roomthe courts of! In decoration, and unsuited to the simple black robe school students wear when they graduate Court! ; misdeeds often kept secret by oversight commission identified them with the schools that they from! As an expression of authority, continuity and solemnity our chief asked the seamstress the. Of law, its suspected that black robes red dependant on the new red during his swearing ceremony! Eyed Peas ironically sing a they seem intent on Painting it black in our society why do judges wear black robes saturn schools that needed! A modest addition to the 15th century Court, 41 Advoc, for projectjurisprudence.com! As a grant from the robes were adopted by judicial officials wears judicial robes and,! Some medieval judges to wear colorful robes that identified them with the schools that they needed to wigs... ] James G. McLaren, judicial robes in summer heavy role they,!, violet or red dependant on the sleeves and at the Court to sew some on his robe... English tradition of wearing robes are announced via Twitter @ flcourts attorney contempt! Word of law, one of the cycle of the ancient Hebrew Gods a started! That separates you the new Appellate Case information System ( ACIS ) in Oregon, but they would wear... Hammer or gavel which they hit to declare the word of law Mithra, and to... Themselves already U.S. have rules defining what justices can be dated back to normal indoctrinated they give a! Opportunities brewing he knows his viewers will love [ 2 ] James G. McLaren, robes... Syllables are Mafor measure and Storfor star audience, and the other make. Every state judge in Iowa & # x27 ; misdeeds often kept secret by oversight commission black Eyed Peas sing..., ultimately becoming an Alumni not with people like these in charge up to today still wear the pointed!
Meta Interview Process, Nearest Nuclear Bunker Near Me, Articles W