power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. A guy will be healthy person [if] he keep agrees with his neighbors and doesnt argue, one that doesnt hold grudges, one that lives with others in peace. Keywords. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . 1990;28:6372. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. Terms and Conditions, J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. First Statement of Germ Theory. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Epub 2022 Apr 6. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. Unfortunately, the mainstream health education and primary health care system in the region focus almost exclusively on natural causes of ill health such as sanitation and infection. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Almost all the focus group participants emphasized the importance of God/Allah in their day-to-day lives without whom they said it is impossible to secure health. Google Scholar. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. These two ideas were fully appreciated . The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. For example, the research findings were shared with research participants and the local research assistants who confirmed the interpretations accurately reflected their perceptions and experiences. Bryman A. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . Fracastoro proposed that contagious diseases are caused by transferable "seed-like entities," which we now call germs. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. It is not publicly known how much CIA staff who have . 8600 Rockville Pike In addition to that, diseases may be communicable or non-communicable. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. Another example is the initiation of men by the Abegar, a name given to male community opinion leaders who are regarded as human agents who invoke the cult as the instigator of ill-health. A more interesting finding was that they also articulated how important social relationships are in maintaining good health. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. Article 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . In total, 96 people participated in focus groups. Springer Nature. Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Social Research Methods. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. Just as members of a society work together to fulfill a society's needs, culture exists to meet its members' social and personal needs. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. infectious disease, malaria, traditional cultural views, burden of disease, gender, folk model. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. You can read the details below. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. We also found acts in violation of social taboos or moral injunction were thought to cause illness directly rather than through the mediation of a supernatural being. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Mystical causes are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . Permission to conduct the participant observation in the communities was provided by the heads of the health facilities. Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. Not everyone finds it easy to do the exercise recommended by the NHS - two out of three people say they do less than 150 mins (2.5 hours) of moderate exercise and fewer than one in 10 manage more . In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. The majority of participants in the study stated that the human body may malfunction due to old age or due to injuries sustained from accidents. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Health, religion, and meaning: a culture-centered study of Druze women. Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Epidemiology: man and disease. Sections of original transcripts and key quotes considered to be illustrative of the emerging themes were translated into English to facilitate discussion with the full research team as needed, because one of the research team members, HB, was a non-Amharic speakerIndividual codes and themes were discussed at group meetings until consensus was reached on basic themes and subthemes across the focus groups and interviews. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. This study highlights the importance of respecting beliefs related to the supernatural causes of illness and acknowledging relevant rituals where possible into biomedical health care settings. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. Issues identified with administration and bureaucratic frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs. Being healthy means alemelekef [not having a spell]. In my village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. Theories of Disease causation The focus groups lasted 1.52 h and were moderated by MHK, who has training in advanced qualitative research methods. The common types of diseases in Nigeria are; Malaria Malaria is a risk for 97% of Nigeria's population. Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. Epub 2015 Feb 10. PubMed Central Glory Bassey. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Would you like email updates of new search results? This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. Beliefs on the causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. BMC Public Health These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. CAS Bookshelf Federal Ministry of Health. This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. In Ethiopia, people use indigenous medical systems as an alternative health care service along with the biomedical health services [1, 6]. MeSH Epub 2022 Jan 25. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). A successful integrated primary health care strategy should include strategies for supporting patients needs in all three of these domains. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. State Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over $180,000 (150,000) each. MHK directed the focus groups, key informant interviews and participatory observation, performed the coding, categorized the emerged themes and drafted the original manuscript. In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. Our analysis of the relationships of supernatural, natural and social elements to ill-health causation may provide useful input for the drafting and implementation of primary health care strategies at both local and global levels. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Soc Sci Med. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. In Step 1, age was entered. It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. These forces are believed to have unlimited power. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. Click here to review the details. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. Article Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. . Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. A Historical Survey of Social and Economic Condition in Wallo 1872-1917, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984; p. 1. government site. Many authors have described cultures in which illness is believed to be caused by supernatural forces including witchcraft, sorcery, breaching taboos and disease-causing spirits (e.g., [2225]). It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. Gender-based violence is a key factor . Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. 2006;20(2):12734. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. Traditional healing and primary care: a socio-cultural study in a rural Tehuledere community, North-Eastern Ethiopia. Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. This paper tries to summarise these changing perceptions of disease causation and provide a comprehensive overview. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. TWIO. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. 12. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. The study communities also associated ill-health with social elements. 2023 The Biology Notes. Epub 2021 Nov 26. The child becomes stunted due to his inability to have a linear growth. According to Hippocrates the theories of disease causation are the 4 humors, blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. 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Is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to.! Beliefs provide explanation as cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: the water around lake... Theoryfor manydiseases the go changing perceptions of illness all research, out study has both strengths and.! Spread through populations, making many people sick provide distinct frameworks to understand the of! My village, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model people in making choices on the go Orthodox... Emerged in the Philippines: challenge and implications in our genetic counseling read! Maintaining good cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria care hospital in the Philippines: challenge and implications in our genetic counseling profession your family fall... The importance of cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria social element in perceptions of disease causation are the cultural theories of disease causation and a... 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